Shantinatha

Śāntinātha () or Śānti is the sixteenth of Jainism in the present age (). According to traditional accounts, he was born to King Vishvasena and Queen Aćira of the Ikshvaku dynasty in the north Indian city of Hastinapur. His birth date is the thirteenth day of the Jyest Krishna month of the Indian calendar. He was also a and a . He ascended to the throne when he was 25 years old. After over 25,000 years on the throne, he became a Jain monk and started his penance.

After renunciation, the legends state that he travelled without food and sleep and after sixteen years received his first ' (food) after achieving . He attained ''Moksha'' on Sammed Shikharji and became a siddha, a liberated soul which has destroyed all of its karma.

Along with Rishabhanatha, Neminatha, Parshvanatha and Mahavira, Shantinatha is one of the five Tirthankaras who attract the most devotional worship among the Jains. His icons include the eponymous deer as his emblem, the Nandi tree, ''Garuda'' Yaksha, and ''Nirvani'' Yakshi.

Śhāntinātha is believed to be an idea of peace and tranquillity, hence prayed to avert calamities and epidemics and bestows welfare to worshippers and hymns to ''Śhāntinātha'' are recited during the last rites.

Jain tradition

According to Jain cosmology, 24 ''Tirthankaras'' have appeared on earth; Shantinatha is the sixteenth ''tirthankara'' of ''Avasarpiṇī'' (the present time cycle). A ''Tirthankara'' ( ford-maker, saviour or spiritual teacher) signifies the founding of a '' tirtha'', a passage across the sea of birth-and-death cycles.

Birth

He was born to King Vishvasena and Queen Aćira at Hastinapur on the 13th day of Jestha Krishna in the Ikshvaku clan. Before the birth of Shantinatha, Queen Aćira dreamt the most auspicious dreams (fourteen according to the Śvetāmbara tradition and sixteen according to the Digambara tradition). According to Śvetāmbara monk Acharya Hemachandra, epidemics, evils and misery were destroyed when Shantinatha was in his mother's womb. According to Jain tradition, Indra named him ''Śhānti'' due to Jinas' love for peace.

Life before renunciation

Shantinatha spent 25,000 years as a youth (') and married a beautiful princess Yaśomatī. Jain texts portray Shantinatha as tall; his height was given as . He ruled his kingdom for 50,000 years. During his rule, armoury was blessed with divine chakraratna. During his reign he conquered all six divisions of the earth in all directions, acquiring elephants, horses, nine-fold most precious treasures and fourteen ' (jewels). Shantinatha became the fifth Chakravartin.

During his time, an epidemic of epilepsy broke out and he helped to control it. Shantinath became the idea of peace and tranquillity by averting epidemics, fire, famine, foreign invasions, robbers, etc., giving him the name of ''Shantinath''. He is also associated with special right to ward of diseases known as ''Shantikarma''.

Renunciation

Shantinatha, when made aware of his previous incarnations, renounced his worldly life and became a Jain ascetic. According to Jain texts, Shantinatha neither slept nor ate during his penance and meditated under nandi tree. After his sixteen years of asceticism, on the ninth bright day of the month of (December–January), he achieved kevala jnana .

After achieving ' he visited Somanasapur, and was offered first ' (food) by King Dharma Mitra and his wife.

Nirvana and moksha

He is said to have lived 1 lakh () years and spent many years spreading his knowledge. On the 13th day of the dark half of the month Jyestha (May–June), he attained nirvana at Sammed Shikharji, known contemporaneously as the Parasnath Hills in northern Jharkhand.

The ''yaksha'' and ''yakshi'' of Shantinatha are Kimpurusha and Mahamanasi according to Digambara tradition and Garuda and Nirvani according to Śvētāmbara tradition.

Previous births

* King Srisena was a kind hearted King well-versed in proper conduct and fulfilled the wishes of the petitioners. He had two wives, Abhinanditā and Śikhinanditā. Abhinanditā is described as the mother of his two sons Induṣeṇa and Binduṣeṇa.
* Yugalika in Uttar Kurukshetra
* Deva in Saudharma heaven.
* Amitateja, prince of Arkakirti is described as a very responsible person, who never neglected his duties as King. He became a Jain ascetic under the influence of Acharya Abhinandana.
* Heavenly deva in 10th heaven Pranat (20 ''sagars'' life span)
* Aparajit Baldeva in East Mahavideha (life span of 84,00,000 '' purva'')
* Heavenly Indra in 12th heaven Achyuta (22 ''sagars'' life span)
* Vajrāyudha Chakri, the son of Tirthankar Kshemanakar in East Mahvideha. Vajrāyudha was named so as his mother, Lakṣmīvatī's, dreamed of a thunderbolt as one of the fourteen auspicious dreams indicating that he would become a ''Vajrin'' (Indra). His father, Kṣemaṅkara, became an Arihant and Vajrāyudha also became a Jain ascetic.
* Heavenly deva in Navgraivayak heaven (25 ''sagars' life span).
* King Megharath, the son of Dhanarath in East Mahavideh in the area where Simandhar Swami is moving at present. He save a pigeon from a falcon by sacrificing his own flesh of equal weight as the dove. The dove, was deity named Sarupa who increase weight supernaturally but King Megharath remained steadfast on promise to protect him. The scenes from Megharath's life are popular in Jain art.
* Heavenly deva in Sarvartha Siddha Heaven (33 ''sagars'' life span)

Disciples

According to Jain texts, Cakrayudha Svami was the leader of the Shantinatha disciples.

Legacy

Worship

Śhāntinātha being an idea of peace and tranquillity, it is believed that chanting the name Śhāntinātha averts calamities and epidemics and bestows welfare to worshippers. In the Śvetāmbara tradition, Nirvāṉi, the yakshi of Śhāntinātha, is also associated with Shantinatha as Śhānti-devī in prayers for peace. During the last rites, recitation of Namokar Mantra and hymns to the ''Jina'' and ''Śhāntinātha'' are performed.

''Shanti Snaatra Puja'' is a special prayer for universal peace and the welfare of all living beings. During the prayer, offerings are made 27 or 108 times to Shantinatha. The ''Laghnu-Shanti-stavaa'', compiled by Manadeva suri in the 7th century, is a hymn to Shantinatha full of tantric usage and identify Shantinatha as ''Siva'', the Lord of ''Shanta''. According to Jinaprabha Suri, the temples dedicated to Shantinatha existed in Kishkindha, Lanka and Trikuta.

According to ''Santistava'' compiled by Acharya Manadevasuri, an Acharya of the Śvetāmbara sect in the third century, mere recitation of Shantinatha's name negates all bad omens, brings peace and protects devotees from problems. ''Santistava'' is considered by Śvetāmbaras as one of the four most beautifully written ''stavans'' (hymn). ''Jinastotrāņi'' is a collection of hymn dedicated to Shantinatha along with Munisuvrata, Chandraprabha, Neminatha, Mahavira, Parshvanatha and Rishabhanatha. Other Śvetāmbara hymns that are dedicated to Shantinatha are the ''Ajit-Shanti Stotra'' (a hymn dedicated to Shantinatha and the 2nd Tirthankara Ajitanatha) and the ''Bruhad-Shanti Stotra'' (a hymn dedicated to Shantinatha that is recited during the ''Snaatra Puja'' as per the Śvetāmbara tradition)''.'' During the ''Chaityavandan'' (a ritual that consists of a series of hymns in obeisance to a Tirthankara), lay-followers of the Śvetāmbara tradition recite a hymn ''Sakalkushalvalli'' which is dedicated to Shantinatha and the 23rd Tirthankara Parshvanatha.

Samantabhadra's ''Svayambhustotra'' praises the twenty-four ''tirthankaras'', and its eight shlokas (songs) adore Shantinatha. One such ''shloka'' reads:

Literature

The Shantinatha Charitra, by Acharya Ajitprabhasuri in 14th century, describes the life of the 16th Jain Tirthankara Shantinatha. This text is the oldest example of miniature painting and has been declared as a global treasure by UNESCO. * ''Santyastaka'' is a hymn in praise of Śāntinātha composed by Acharya Pujyapada in the fifth century. Acharya Hemachandra's ''Trishashti-Shalakapurush-Charitra'' describes the previous births as well as the final birth of Shantinatha in detail as per the Śvetāmbara tradition. ''Shantipurana'', written around the 10th century by Sri Ponna, is considered to be one of the three gems of Kannada literature.

''Ajitasanti'' or ''Ajita-Śhānti-stava'' composed by Acharya Nandisenasuri, a seventh century Jain monk, a famous Śvetāmbara hymn, has alternate verses praising Ajitnatha and Shantinatha. ''Mahapurusha Charitra,'' compiled by Merutunga in the 13th—14th centuries, talks about Shantinatha. ''Santikara'' was compiled by Munisundarasuri in the 15th century.

Iconography

Shantinatha is usually depicted in a sitting or standing meditative posture with the symbol of a deer or antelope beneath him. Every has a distinguishing emblem that allows worshippers to distinguish similar-looking idols of the . The deer or antelope emblem of Shantinath is usually carved below the legs of the . Like all , Shantinath is depicted with ''Shrivatsa'' and downcast eyes.

File:30 Close-up of a statue of Shantinath.jpg, Shantinatha idol inside Pakbirra Jain temple
File:Shantinatha (sedicesimo jina dei tirthankara), da varavan nel circondario nord del distretto di thar e parkar, sind, 1130 dc.jpg, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, 12th century
File:Seated image of Shantinatha with old Kannada inscription on pedestal in Shantinatha Basadi.JPG, Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura, 1117 CE
File:Jain shrine from Vikrama Samvat in western India, dated 1459 CE, bronze, HAA.JPG, Honolulu Academy of Arts, 15th century

Colossal statues

In 2016, the tallest statue of Shantinatha, with a height of , was erected in Ajmer. The statue of Shantinath at Prachin Bada Mandir, Hastinapur and Shantinath Jinalaya, Shri Mahavirji. Aggalayya Gutta in Warangal has a image carved in 11th century CE. The statue of Shantinath at Bhojpur Jain Temple.

Aharji enshrines a idol installed in 1180 CE. Shantinatha basadi, Halebidu houses a idol. Naugaza Digambar Jain temple in Alwar has colossi dated 922 CE. The image at Shantinatha temple, Khajuraho and Shantinath Basadi, Chandragiri. The statue in Bahuriband and Pawagiri, built in the 12th century.

File:Mahaveerji Shantinath Statue.png, colossal at Shantinath Jinalaya, Shri Mahavirji
File:Jain Prachin Bada Mandir - Shantinath Statue (2) (cropped).jpg, colossal at Prachin Bada Mandir, Hastinapur
File:Aggalaiah gutta 01 (cropped).jpg, rock carved image at Aggalayya Gutta in Warangal
File:JainTempleIdols.jpg, statue at Bhojpur Jain Temple
File:18 ft tall idol of Lord Shantinath at ahaar ji near Tikamgarh(1180 ad).jpg, Aharji Shantinatha statue installed in 1180 CE.
File:Eighteen feet tall sculpture of Shantinatha in the Shantinatha basadi at Halebidu.JPG, Shantinatha basadi, Halebidu
File:Jain statue of Parshvanath, Naugaza temple, Alwar district, Rajasthan.jpg, Naugaza Digambar Jain temple, 923 CE

Temples

Along with Rishabhanatha, Neminatha, Parshvanatha and Mahavira, Shantinatha is one of the five Tirthankaras who attract the most devotional worship among the Jains. Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. Hastinapur, for example, is a hilly part of Uttar Pradesh, which is believed to have been a place of Shantinath, along with Aranatha and Kunthunath. Important Shantinatha temple complexes include Shantinatha Temple in Khajuraho (UNESCO World Heritage Site), Semliya Śvetāmbara Tirth, Bhopawar Śvetāmbara Tirth, Shantinatha temple, Halebidu, Prachin Bada Mandir, Hastinapur, Shantinath Temple in Deogarh, Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura, Shantinath Jain Teerth, Aharji Jain Teerth, Shantinath Jain temple, Kothara, Odegal basadi, Pavagiri Tirth, Kanch Mandir of Indore, Ladnu Jain temple and Shantinath Jain Temple in Leicester, United Kingdom.

File:Inde-0987.jpg, Shantinatha temple, Khajuraho
File:Rear view of Shantinatha basadi at Jinanathapura.JPG, Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura
File:0101821 Shantinath Jain Mandir, Ramtek, Maharashtra 079.jpg, Shantinath temple, Ramtek
File:Shri 1008 Shantinath Jain Temple.JPG, Shantinath Jain Teerth
File:Vishal-singh-dwaar-big.jpg, 'Singh Dwaar' of Prachin Bada Mandir, Hastinapur
File:Shringar Chori (Shringar Chauri) CHITTORGARH FORT.jpg, Shringar Chori, Chittor Fort

See also

*God in Jainism
*Arihant (Jainism)
*Jainism and non-creationism

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Shantinath