Shangdu

Shangdu (; lit. "Upper Capital"; ), known in the West as Xanadu, was the summer capital of the Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan. Located in what is now Zhenglan Banner, Inner Mongolia, it was designed by Chinese architect Liu Bingzhong and served as a seasonal retreat blending Mongolian steppe traditions with Chinese urban planning. The site gained legendary status after it was visited by Marco Polo and later inspired the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

In 2012, it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its cultural and historical significance. A railway is under construction from Beijing to Zhenglan Banner and will open in 2026.

History

Shangdu, originally named ''Kaiping'' (開平), was established between 1252 and 1256 by Liu Bingzhong, a trusted advisor to Kublai Khan and a former Buddhist monk. Liu implemented a "profoundly Chinese scheme for the city's architecture," blending Confucian city planning with Mongolian steppe traditions. In 1264, Kublai Khan renamed the city Shangdu and established it as the summer capital of the Yuan dynasty.

Located in the grasslands north of the Great Wall—about 350 km north of Beijing and 28 km northwest of present-day Duolun—Shangdu was designed with a triple structure: an outer city, an inner city, and a central imperial palace. The palace enclosure measured roughly 550 meters per side, occupying about 40% of the later Forbidden City in Beijing.

Shangdu served both as a summer retreat and as a political and ceremonial center, where Kublai Khan hosted foreign envoys and conducted court affairs. It embodied the synthesis of Mongol governance and Chinese administration, and it symbolized the cosmopolitan character of the Yuan dynasty.

At its height, Shangdu had a population of over 100,000 and included gardens, hunting grounds, temples, and administrative quarters. Descriptions from Marco Polo and archaeological findings indicate the palace featured marble halls, gilded decoration, and elaborate wood and lacquer work.

In 1369, during the fall of the Yuan dynasty, Shangdu was sacked by Ming forces and largely destroyed. The court fled north and the city was abandoned. The site’s original name, Kaiping, was briefly restored, but the settlement never recovered.

In 1872, British diplomat Steven Bushell visited the ruins and noted surviving remnants of temples, marble blocks, and decorative tiles. However, by the late 20th century, many of these materials had been scavenged by local residents of Dolon Nor for building use. Since 2002, the Chinese government has undertaken efforts to preserve and study the site, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012.

Literary and historical descriptions

Marco Polo

Marco Polo visited Shangdu around 1275. He described a marble palace with gilt rooms and an expansive park:

He also recounted a portable "cane palace," adorned with lacquered dragons and able to be dismantled for travel:

Toghon Temür

After the loss of Shangdu and Daidu in 1368, the last Yuan emperor composed a lament, excerpted from the ''Altan Tobchi'':

Samuel Purchas

In 1614, English clergyman Samuel Purchas described "Xandu" as a pleasure palace with a vast park and a cane palace:

His 1625 edition expanded the detail, echoing Marco Polo's account:

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Inspired by Purchas's account, Coleridge dreamt of Xanadu while under the influence of opium and began writing the poem ''Kubla Khan'' (1797):

Astronomy

In 2006, the International Astronomical Union named a region on Saturn's moon Titan "Xanadu." Its radar-imaged landscape resembles Earth, with rivers and mountains—but composed of methane and ice rather than water and rock.NASA, 2006.

In popular culture

* Xanadu is the name of the mansion in the 1941 film ''Citizen Kane''.
* Referenced in the Rush song "Xanadu."
* Title of a 1980 film starring Olivia Newton-John.
* ''In Xanadu'', a 1989 travel book by William Dalrymple.

References

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Medieval cities
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Inner Mongolia
Yuan dynasty
Ancient Chinese capitals
Former populated places in China
World Heritage Sites in China
Kublai Khan
Capitals of the Mongol Empire