Shamoun Hanna Haydo
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Shamoun Hanne Haydo () was a Syriac community leader from the village of Sare, in the
Tur Abdin Tur Abdin (; ; ; or ) is a hilly region situated in southeast Turkey, including the eastern half of the Mardin Province, and Şırnak Province west of the Tigris, on the Syria–Turkey border, border with Syria and famed since Late Antiquity for ...
region of the
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
. A respected intellectual and figure of authority among the Syriac people, he is best known for his leadership during the early 20th century, particularly in defending Syriac communities during the Sayfo.


Life

Shamoun Hanne Haydo was born in 1874 in the village of Sare near
Midyat Midyat (, , , ) is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,241 km2, and its population is 120,069 (2022). In the modern era, the town is populated by Kurds, Mhallami Arabs and Assyrians. The old Estel neighborho ...
. From the 1700s onward, the Haydo family produced prominent leaders in the Sare– Basibrin region of Tur Abdin who worked to protect the lives, property, and honor of the Syriac people. Shamoun's grandfather, father, and brother were all killed by
Kurds Kurds (), or the Kurdish people, are an Iranian peoples, Iranic ethnic group from West Asia. They are indigenous to Kurdistan, which is a geographic region spanning southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northeastern Syri ...
, and he personally witnessed the murder of his grandfather and father at the hands of Kurdish aghas’ gunmen. Between 1888 and 1894, Shamoun and his brother Melke studied at the American College in
Mardin Mardin (; ; romanized: ''Mārdīn''; ; ) is a city and seat of the Artuklu District of Mardin Province in Turkey. It is known for the Artuqids, Artuqid architecture of its old city, and for its strategic location on a rocky hill near the Tigris ...
. He was fluent in seven languages, regarded as one of the most
intellectual An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and Human self-reflection, reflection about the nature of reality, especially the nature of society and proposed solutions for its normative problems. Coming from the wor ...
figures among Syriac leaders, and worked for a time as a
teacher A teacher, also called a schoolteacher or formally an educator, is a person who helps students to acquire knowledge, competence, or virtue, via the practice of teaching. ''Informally'' the role of teacher may be taken on by anyone (e.g. w ...
. Eventually, he succeeded in uniting his own
tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide use of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. The definition is contested, in part due to conflict ...
with the Syriacs of Sare, Basibrin, and neighboring villages, becoming their leader. Following political developments through English and Turkish sources, Shamoun foresaw that the Ottoman administration, after its defeat in the 1912 Balkan War, would seek revenge on non-Muslims, including Syriacs. He anticipated that an even larger
massacre A massacre is an event of killing people who are not engaged in hostilities or are defenseless. It is generally used to describe a targeted killing of civilians Glossary of French words and expressions in English#En masse, en masse by an armed ...
might follow the atrocities of 1895–96 and the 1909 Adana massacres. With this in mind, he began working to unify the Syriac people, holding meetings with tribal leaders and representatives of influential Syriac families to prepare for the danger he believed was coming. In July 1913, Shamoun Hanne Haydo and four Kurdish
aghas Agha (; ; ; "chief, master, lord") is an honorific title for a civilian or officer, or often part of such title. In the Ottoman times, some court functionaries and leaders of organizations like bazaar or the janissary units were entitled to the ...
—Çelebi Agha, Alike Batte Agha, Haco Agha, and Serhan Agha—were arrested by Ottoman soldiers in Tur Abdin and were chained by the neck and feet and forced to walk from Midyat to Mardin. The purpose of these arrests was to frighten the Syriacs and
Yazidis Yazidis, also spelled Yezidis (; ), are a Kurdish languages, Kurdish-speaking Endogamy, endogamous religious group indigenous to Kurdistan, a geographical region in Western Asia that includes parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and Iran. The major ...
by detaining those who defended them, leaving the Syriacs without leadership. This marked the first step in the preparations for Sayfo, the genocide of the Syriac people. According to the account, had these aghas and Shamoun not been arrested—had he remained free—Sayfo might not have become as bloody as it did. After Shamoun's arrest, leadership passed to his brother Melke Hanne Haydo, who led the Basibrin resistance between 1915 and 1917. He established contact with Syriac fighters and leaders in Aynwardo, Hah, Hazak, Dayro d-Slibo,
Zaz ZAZ or Zaporizhzhia Automobile Building Plant (, ''Zaporiz'kyi avtomobilebudivnyi zavod'' or ''Zaporiz'kyi avtozavod'') is the main automobile manufacturer of Ukraine, based in the south-eastern city of Zaporizhzhia. It also produces buses and t ...
, and the Mor Melke Monastery, and gathered Syriacs from 18 surrounding villages into Basibrin, where he organized the defense. Between 1915 and 1916, he was able to save the lives of around 5,000 Syriacs. In June 1917, however, he was ambushed and killed by Ottoman soldiers and the chief of the Salihi tribe, and a large massacre followed in Basibrin. In November 1917, Shamoun Hanne Haydo escaped from
Harput Harpoot () or Kharberd () is an ancient town located in the Elazığ Province of Turkey. It now forms a small district of the city of Elazığ. p. 1. In the late Ottoman period, it fell under the Mamuret-ul-Aziz Vilayet (also known as the Harpu ...
Prison together with Alike Batte. He returned to Sare, Basibrin, and the surrounding villages, rallied the remaining Syriacs, raised their morale, and gave them renewed strength to survive. He continued to serve as a respected leader of the Syriac people in Tur Abdin until his death in 1964.


Legacy

A book about Shamoun's life and legacy was written and published by Turkish author Kemal Yalcin around 2020. The book was also translated into several other languages, namely
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Culture, language and peoples * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England * ''English'', an Amish ter ...
,
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...
,
Dutch Dutch or Nederlands commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands ** Dutch people as an ethnic group () ** Dutch nationality law, history and regulations of Dutch citizenship () ** Dutch language () * In specific terms, i ...
, and the
Turoyo Turoyo (), also referred to as Surayt (), or modern Suryoyo (), is a Central Neo-Aramaic language traditionally spoken by the Syriac Christian community in the Tur Abdin region located in southeastern Turkey and in northeastern Syria. Turoyo ...
dialect of
Neo-Aramaic The Neo-Aramaic or Modern Aramaic languages are varieties of Aramaic that evolved during the late medieval and early modern periods, and continue to the present day as vernacular (spoken) languages of modern Aramaic-speaking communities. Within ...
. In 2023, historic photos of Shamoun and his brother Melke were rediscovered by a French researcher, Matin Damart, where it was then part of a handover ceremony. The photo of Melke was also discussed at a presentation in the Netherlands, with a speech delivered by Bishop Polycarpus Augin Aydin recounting the life of Melke and Shamoun. The following year, in 2024, descendants of Haydo built a memorial for him in preparation for a commemorative event in the village of Sārī as well as in
Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
and the
Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...
. The documentary aired in November of that year in
Enschede Enschede (; local ) is a list of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in the province of Overijssel and the Twente region of the eastern Netherlands. The east of the urban area reaches ...
, and the event was broadcast by numerous TV broadcasters. In 2025, on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of Haydo's birth, some of his descendants offered a tribute plaque featuring Haydo's picture and €8,000 to Syriac Orthodox Archbishop Yusuf Çetin as gratitude for supporting Syriacs in Turkey and the Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church's establishment in
Istanbul Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...
.


References


External links


MARDIN 1915 Yves Ternon, Book 1, Part 4, Chapter 2 "Deïr el-Omar Mar Gabriel, Kefarbé, Bâsabrina"Şemune Hanne Haydo In The Context Public Hero2024 Documentary Recording from Assyria TVBook Discussion in Turoyo
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haydo, Shamoun Hanna 1870 births Syriac Orthodox Christians Turkish Christians Turkish people of Assyrian descent Assyrians from the Ottoman Empire Sayfo Assyrian military leaders 1964 deaths