Shalom H. Schwartz
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Shalom H. Schwartz () is a social psychologist, cross-cultural researcher and creator of the Theory of Basic Human Values (universal values as latent motivations and goals). He also developed value scales to measure both individual and national/cultural values that have been translated into 50+ languages and applied in over 90 societies.


Biography

; Knafo, A., Roccas, S., & Sagiv, L. (2011). The value of values in cross-cultural research: A special issue in honor of Shalom Schwartz ditorial Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(2), 178–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110396863 After completing his master's degree in social psychology and group development at
Columbia University Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Churc ...
and completing his
rabbi A rabbi (; ) is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi—known as ''semikha''—following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form of t ...
nical studies, Schwartz received his Ph.D. in social psychology from the
University of Michigan The University of Michigan (U-M, U of M, or Michigan) is a public university, public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest institution of higher education in the state. The University of Mi ...
in 1967. Subsequently he taught in the sociology department of the
University of Wisconsin–Madison The University of Wisconsin–Madison (University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, UW, UW–Madison, or simply Madison) is a public land-grant research university in Madison, Wisconsin, United States. It was founded in 1848 when Wisconsin achieved st ...
, becoming a full professor in 1973. From 1971 to 73, Schwartz was a visiting lecturer in the department of psychology at the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI; ) is an Israeli public university, public research university based in Jerusalem. Co-founded by Albert Einstein and Chaim Weizmann in July 1918, the public university officially opened on 1 April 1925. ...
. In 1979, Schwartz moved to Israel with his wife and three children. He joined the department of psychology at the Hebrew University, where he now holds the post of Leon and Clara Sznajderman Professor Emeritus of Psychology. From 2011-2016 he served as the Scientific Supervisor of the International Laboratory of Socio-Cultural Research at the National Research University-Higher School of Economics in Moscow, Russia. After retiring in 2003, he has continued his research and international collaborations on studies of values. From 1967 to the 1980s, Schwartz carried out studies of altruism and helping behavior. In the 1980's, he developed his Theory of Basic Human Values together with Wofgang Bilsky, drawing upon some of the insights of Milton Rokeach and Louis Guttman. To enable application of the theory, he developed the Schwartz Value Survey and, later, various versions of the Portrait Values Questionnaire to measure the values of individuals and groups. In the 1990's, he proposed a theory of seven culture level values that could be used to map and compare the values of societies. In 2012, he expanded his theory of ten basic values to 19 more refined basic values tha are recognized across cultures. His research has examined relations of values to political orientations, prosocial behavior, emotions, subjective well-being, everyday behavior, and national policies and more. He has also examined value differences among ethnic, gender, and religious groups, and countries, value development and change, value transmission, and value measurement. Schwartz is a fellow of the
American Psychological Association The American Psychological Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychologists in the United States, and the largest psychological association in the world. It has over 170,000 members, including scientists, educators, clin ...
and is a member of the American Sociological Society, European Association of Experimental Social Psychology, the Israel Psychological Association, the Society for Experimental Social Psychology, the
Society for Personality and Social Psychology A society () is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. So ...
and the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology of which he was president 2004-2006. Schwartz was a member of the scientific board of the European Social Survey from 1998 to 2016. The Human Values Scale that he developed for the Survey has been used in the semi-annual surveys of representative samples in Europe and elsewhere since the inception of the Survey.


Awards

* In 2007, Schwartz was awarded the
Israel Prize The Israel Prize (; ''pras israél'') is an award bestowed by the State of Israel, and regarded as the state's highest cultural honor. History Prior to the Israel Prize, the most significant award in the arts was the Dizengoff Prize and in Israel ...
in psychology. *2019 Distinguished Scholar Award,
Society for Personality and Social Psychology A society () is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. So ...
Website of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology. *2014 Distinguished Career Award of the
American Sociological Association The American Sociological Association (ASA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the discipline and profession of sociology. Founded in December 1905 as the American Sociological Society at Johns Hopkins University by a group of fi ...
section of Altruism, Morality, and Social Solidarity *2011 Honorary Doctorate—The University of Helsinki *2010 Honorary Fellow of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology.


Main publications

*Schwartz, S. H. and Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: Extensions and cross cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 878-891. *Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25) (pp. 1–65). New York: Academic Press. *Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the content and structure of values? Journal of Social Issues, 50, 19-45. *Schwartz, S. H. (1996). Value priorities and behavior: Applying of theory of integrated value systems. In C. Seligman, J. M. Olson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The Psychology of Values: The Ontario Symposium, Vol. 8 (pp. 1–24). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. *Schwartz, S. H. and Bardi, A. (1997), ‘Influences of adaptation to communist rule on value priorities in Eastern Europe’, Political Psychology, 18, pp. 385–410. *Schwartz, S. H., Lehmann, A., and Roccas, S. (1999), ‘Multimethod probes of basic human values’, in: J. Adamopoulos and Y. Kashima, (eds.), Social Psychology and Culture Context: Essays in Honor of Harry C. Triandis Newbury Park, CA: Sage. *Schwartz, S. H. and Bardi, A. (2000). Moral dialogue across cultures: An empirical perspective. In E. W. Lehman (Ed.), Autonomy and order: A communitarian anthology. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. *Schwartz, S. H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S., and Harris, M. (2001), ‘Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement’, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, pp. 519–542. *Schwartz, S. H. A proposal for measuring value orientations across nations in ES

*Schwartz, S. H. and Boehnke, K. (2004), ‘Evaluating the structure of human values with confirmatory factor analysis’, Journal of Research in Personality, 38, pp. 230–255. *Schwartz, S. H., and Rubel, T. (2005), Sex differences in value priorities: Cross-cultural and multi-method studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, pp. 1010–1028. *Schwartz, S. H. (2006). Value orientations: Measurement, antecedents and consequences across nations. In R. Jowell, C. Roberts, R. Fitzgerald, & G. Eva (Eds.), Measuring attitudes cross-nationally - lessons from the European Social Survey. London: Sage. *Schwartz, S. H., Cieciuch, J., Vecchione, M., Davidov, E., Fischer, R., Beierlein, C., ... and Dirilen-Gumus, O. (2012). Refining the theory of basic individual values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, pp. 663–688. *Schwartz, S. H. (2014). Rethinking the concept and measurement of societal culture in light of empirical findings. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45, 5-13. doi.org/10.1177/0022022113490830 *Schwartz, S. H. (2014). Societal value culture: Latent and dynamic. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45, 42-46. doi.org/10.1177/0022022113513404 *Schwartz, S. H. (2014). National culture as value orientations: Consequences of value differences and cultural distance. In V. Ginsburgh & D. Throsby (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture, Vol.2 (pp. 547–586). Elsevier/North Holland. *Schwartz, S. H. (2014). National culture as value orientations: Consequences of value differences and cultural distance. In V. Ginsburgh & D. Throsby (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture, Vol.2 (pp. 547–586). Elsevier/North Holland. *Vecchione, M., Schwartz, S. H., Caprara, G. V., Schoen, H., Cieciuch, J., Silvester, J., Bain, P., Bianchi, G., Kirmanoglu, H., Baslevent, C., Mamali, C., Manzi, J., Pavlopoulos, V., Posnova, T., Torres, C., Verkasalo, M., Lönnqvist, J-E., Vondráková, E., Welzel, C., & Alessandri, G. (2015). Personal values and political activism: A cross-national study. British Journal of Psychology, 106, 84-106. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12067 *Schwartz, S. H. (2015). Cultural values influence and constrain economic and social change. In L. Harrison & Y. Yasin (Eds.), Culture matters: in Russia and everywhere (pp. 287–302). Boston: Lexington Books. *Döring, A.K., Schwartz, S.H., Cieciuch, J., .... Bilsky, W. (2015). Cross-cultural evidence for universals in value structures and priorities in childhood. British Journal of Psychology, 106, 675-699. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12116 *Schwartz, S. H. (2016). Basic individual values: Sources and consequences. In D. Sander and T. Brosch (Eds.), Handbook of value (pp. 63–84). Oxford: UK, Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716600.003.0004 *Schwartz, S. H., Cieciuch, J., Vecchione, M., Torres, C., Dirilem-Gumus, O., & Butenko, T. (2017). Value tradeoffs and behavior in four countries: Validating 19 refined values. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 241-258. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2228. *Schwartz, S. H. (2017). Individual values across cultures. In A. T. Church (Ed.), The Praeger handbook of personality across cultures. Vol. 2 (pp. 121–153). Santa Barbara CA: Praeger. *Tamir, M., Schwartz, S. H., Oishi, S., Kim, M. Y. (2017). The secret to happiness: feeling good or feeling right? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146, 1069-1081. doi:10.1037/xge0000303 *Sagiv, L., Roccas, S., Cieciuch, J., & Schwartz, S. H. (2017). Personal values in human life. Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 630-639. doi: 10.1038/s41562-017-0185 *Schwartz, S. H., & Sortheix, F. M. (2018). Values and subjective well-being. In E. Diener, S. Oishi, & L. Tay (Eds.), Handbook of Well-Being (Noba Scholar Handbook series: Subjective well-being). DEF Publishers. http://www.nobascholar.com/chapters/51 *Knafo-Noam, A., Barni, D., & Schwartz, S. H. (2020). From "value transmission" to a complex but realistic model of parent-child value similarity: Reciprocal influences, genetics and environmental antecedents. In L. E. Jensen (Ed.) The Oxford handbook of moral development: an interdisciplinary perspective (Ch. 10). New York: Oxford University Press. Doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676049.013.12 *Schwartz, S. H., & Cieciuch, J. (2022). Measuring the refined theory of individual values in 49 cultural groups: Psychometrics of the revised portrait value questionnaire. Assessment, 29, 1005-1019. doi.org/10.1177/1073191121998760 *Sagiv, L. & Schwartz, S. H. (2022). Personal values across cultures. Annual Review of Psychology, 73:1 doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020821-125100


Literature on Shalom Schwartz

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See also

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List of Israel Prize recipients This is an incomplete list of recipients of the Israel Prize from the inception of the Prize in 1953 - 2025. List For each year, the recipients are, in most instances, listed in the order in which they appear on the official Israel Prize website ...


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schwartz, Shalom H. Cultural psychologists Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Teachers College, Columbia University alumni University of Michigan alumni Social psychologists Israeli psychologists Academic staff of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel Prize in psychology recipients Jewish psychologists