Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr (; 1 March 1935 – 9 April 1980), also known as al-Shahid al-Khamis (), was an Iraqi Islamic scholar, philosopher, and the ideological founder of the

Islamic Dawa Party The Islamic Dawa Party () is an Iraqi Shia Islamist political movement that was formed in 1957 by seminarians in Najaf, Iraq, and later formed branches in Lebanon and Kuwait. The Party backed the Iranian Revolution and also Ayatollah Ruholla ...

. He was the father-in-law to

Muqtada al-Sadr Muqtada al-Sadr (; born 4 August 1974) is an Iraqi Shia Muslim cleric, politician and militia leader. He inherited the leadership of the Sadrist Movement from his father, and founded the now dissolved Mahdi Army militia in 2003 that resisted ...

, a cousin of Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr and

Musa al-Sadr Musa Sadr al-Din al-Sadr (; ; 4 June 1928 – disappeared 31 August 1978) was a Lebanese-Iranian Shia Muslim cleric, politician and revolutionary In Lebanon. He founded and revived many Lebanese Shia organizations, including schools, charities ...

. His father

Haydar al-Sadr Ayatollah Haydar al-Sadr (; 1891–1937) was born in Samarra, Iraq. His father, Ismail as-Sadr (d. 1920) was a Grand Ayatollah and the first to be use the as- Sadr surname, which came to be associated with a long line of religious scholarship wit ...

was a well-respected high-ranking Shi'a cleric. His lineage can be traced back to

Muhammad Muhammad (8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam. Muhammad in Islam, According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the tawhid, monotheistic teachings of A ...

through the seventh Shia Imam

Musa al-Kazim Musa al-Kazim (; 745–799) was a descendant of the Prophets and messengers in Islam, Islamic prophet Muhammad and the seventh Twelve Imams, imam in Twelver Shi'ism, Twelver Shia Islam. Musa is often known by the title al-Kazim (), apparently ...

. Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr was executed in 1980 by the regime of

Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician and revolutionary who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 1979 until Saddam Hussein statue destruction, his overthrow in 2003 during the 2003 invasion of Ira ...

along with his sister, Amina Sadr bint al-Huda.

Biography

Early life and education

Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr was born in al-Kazimiya, Iraq to the prominent

Sadr The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), also known as the Sahrawi Republic and Western Sahara, is a partially recognized state in the western Maghreb, which claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, but controls only ...

family, which originated from

Jabal Amel Jabal Amil (; also spelled Jabal Amel and historically known as Jabal Amila) is a cultural and geographic region in Southern Lebanon largely associated with its long-established, predominantly Twelver Shia Muslim inhabitants. Its precise boundari ...

in Lebanon. His father died in 1937, leaving the family destitute. In 1945, the family moved to the holy city of

Najaf Najaf is the capital city of the Najaf Governorate in central Iraq, about 160 km (99 mi) south of Baghdad. Its estimated population in 2024 is about 1.41 million people. It is widely considered amongst the holiest cities of Shia Islam an ...

, where al-Sadr would spend the rest of his life. He was a

child prodigy A child prodigy is, technically, a child under the age of 10 who produces meaningful work in some domain at the level of an adult expert. The term is also applied more broadly to describe young people who are extraordinarily talented in some f ...

who, at 10, was delivering lectures on

Islamic history The history of Islam is believed, by most historians, to have originated with Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, although Muslims regard this time as a return to the original faith passed down by the Abra ...

. At eleven, he was a student of logic. He wrote a book criticizing materialist philosophy when he was 24. Al-Sadr completed his religious studies at religious seminaries under

al-Khoei Marja', Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Abu al-Qasim Musawi Khoei ( ; (; ; November 19, 1899 – August 8, 1992) was an Iranian Shia Islam, Shia Marja', marja'. Khoei is considered one of the most influential twelver scholars. After the death of Muhsin a ...

and

Muhsin al-Hakim Muhsin al-Tabataba'i al-Hakim (; 31 May 1889 – 2 June 1970) was an Iraqi Shia religious authority. He became the leading marja' of Najaf in 1946 after the death of Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani, and of the majority of the Shia world in 1961, afte ...

, and began teaching at the age of 25.

Struggle against Saddam Hussein

Al-Sadr's works attracted the ire of the

Baath Party The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party ( ' ), also known simply as Bath Party (), was a political party founded in Syria by Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar, and associates of Zaki al-Arsuzi. The party espoused Ba'athism, which is an ideology ...

, leading to repeated imprisonment where he was often tortured. Despite this, he continued his work after being released. When the Ba'athists arrested Al-Sadr in 1977, his sister Amina Sadr bint al-Huda made a speech in the Imam Ali mosque in Najaf inviting the people to demonstrate. Many demonstrations were held, forcing the Ba'athists to release Al-Sadr who was placed under house arrest. In 1979–1980, anti-Ba'ath riots arose in Iraq's Shia areas by groups who were working toward an Islamic revolution in their country. Hussein and his deputies believed that the riots had been inspired by the

Iranian Revolution The Iranian Revolution (, ), also known as the 1979 Revolution, or the Islamic Revolution of 1979 (, ) was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement of the Impe ...

and instigated by Iran's government. In the aftermath of Iran's revolution, Iraq's Shia community called on Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr to be their "Iraqi

Ayatollah Khomeini Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini (17 May 1900 or 24 September 19023 June 1989) was an Iranian revolutionary, politician, political theorist, and religious leader. He was the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the main leader of the Iranian ...

", leading a revolt against the Ba'ath regime. Community leaders, tribal heads, and hundreds of ordinary members of the public paid their allegiance to al-Sadr. Protests then erupted in

Baghdad Baghdad ( or ; , ) is the capital and List of largest cities of Iraq, largest city of Iraq, located along the Tigris in the central part of the country. With a population exceeding 7 million, it ranks among the List of largest cities in the A ...

and the predominantly Shia provinces of the south in May 1979. For nine days, protests against the regime unfolded, but were suppressed by the regime. The cleric's imprisonment led to another wave of protests in June after a seminal, powerful appeal from al-Sadr's sister, Bint al-Huda. Further clashes unfolded between the security forces and protestors. Najaf was put under siege and thousands were tortured and executed. Al-Sadr issued a fatwa prohibiting membership in the ruling Ba'ath party. Called upon by the government to retract it he refused. Filiu, ''Apocalypse in Islam'', 2011: p.143

Execution

Baqir al-Sadr was arrested on April 5, 1980, with his sister, Sayyidah bint al-Huda. They had formed a powerful militant movement in opposition to

's regime. On April 9, 1980, Al-Sadr and his sister were killed after being severely tortured by their captors. Signs of torture could be seen on the bodies. An iron nail was hammered into Al-Sadr's head and he was then set on fire in Najaf. It has been reported that Saddam Hussein himself killed them. The Baathists delivered the bodies of Baqir al-Sadr and Bint al-Huda to their cousin Sayyid

Mohammad al-Sadr Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Mohammed al-Sadr (; born 23 March 1943 – 19 February 1999) was a prominent Iraqi Twelver Shiite cleric and marja'. He called for government reform and the release of detained Shia leaders during the rule of Saddam Huss ...

. They were buried in the

Wadi-us-Salaam Wadi-us-Salaam (, , ) is an Islamic cemetery, located in the holy city of Najaf, Iraq. It is the largest cemetery in the world. The cemetery covers and contains more than 6 million bodies. It also attracts millions of pilgrims annually. The ceme ...

graveyard in the holy city of

the same night. His execution raised no criticism from Western countries because Al-Sadr had openly supported Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran. In 2024, Saadoun Sabri Jamil Jumaa al-Qaisi, a senior security official during Saddam's regime, was arrested in

Erbil Erbil (, ; , ), also called Hawler (, ), is the capital and most populated city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The city is the capital of the Erbil Governorate. Human settlement at Erbil may be dated back to the 5th millennium BC. At the h ...

for overseeing Al-Sadr's detention and killing.

Scholarship and ideas

The works by Baqir al-Sadr contains traditional Shia thoughts, while they also suggest ways Shia could "accommodate modernity". The two major works by him are '' Iqtisaduna'' on

Islamic economics Islamic economics () refers to the knowledge of economics or economic activities and processes in terms of Islamic principles and teachings. Islam has a set of specific moral norms and values about individual and social economic behavior. There ...

, and '' Falsafatuna'' (Our Philosophy). They were detailed critiques of

Marxism Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflict, ...

that presented his early ideas on an alternative Islamic form of government. They were critiques of both

socialism Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes ...

and

capitalism Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their use for the purpose of obtaining profit. This socioeconomic system has developed historically through several stages and is defined by ...

. He was subsequently commissioned by the government of Kuwait to assess how that country's oil wealth could be managed in keeping with Islamic principles. This led to a major work on

Islamic banking Islamic banking, Islamic finance ( ''masrifiyya 'islamia''), or Sharia-compliant finance is banking or financing activity that complies with Sharia (Islamic law) and its practical application through the development of Islamic economics. Some ...

, which still forms the basis for modern Islamic banks. Using his knowledge of the

Quran The Quran, also Romanization, romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a Waḥy, revelation directly from God in Islam, God (''Allah, Allāh''). It is organized in 114 chapters (, ) which ...

and a subject-based approach to

Quranic exegesis Tafsir ( ; ) refers to an exegesis, or commentary, of the Quran. An author of a ''tafsir'' is a ' (; plural: ). A Quranic ''tafsir'' attempts to provide elucidation, explanation, interpretation, context or commentary for clear understanding ...

, Al-Sadr extracted two concepts from the Holy text in relation to governance: *''khilafat al-insan'' (Man as heir or trustee of God) and * ''shahadat al-anbiya'' (Prophets as witnesses). Al-Sadr explained that throughout history there have been "...two lines. Man's line and the Prophet's line. The line of Man is the ''khalifa'' (trustee) who inherits the earth from God; the line of the Prophet is the ''shahid'' (witness)".Muhammed Baqir Al-Sadr, ''Al-Islam yaqud al-hayat'', Qum, 1979, p.132 Al-Sadr demonstrated that ''

khilafa A caliphate ( ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; , ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entir ...

'' (governance) is "a right given to the whole of humanity" and defined it as an obligation given from God to the human race to "tend the globe and administer human affairs". This was a major advancement of Islamic political theory. While Al-Sadr identified ''khilafa'' as the obligation and right of the people, he used a broad-based explanation of Quranic verse 5:44 to identify who held the responsibility of ''shahada'' in an Islamic state. First were the Prophets (anbiya'). Second were the Imams who are considered a divine (''rabbani'') continuation of the Prophets in this line. The last were the ''marja'iyya'' (''see Marja''). While the two functions of ''khilafa'' and ''shahada'' (supervision and witness ) were united during the times of the Prophets, they diverged during

the occultation Occultation (, ') in Shia Islam refers to the Islamic eschatology, eschatological belief that the Mahdi, a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, has already been born and he was subsequently concealed, but he will reemerge and he will esta ...

so that ''khilafa'' returned to the people (''umma'') and ''shahada'' to the scholars. Al-Sadr 's practical application of how ''khilafa'', would be returned to the uslimpeople in the absence of the twelfth Imam was with the establishment of a democratic system, whereby the people regularly elect their representatives in government:

Islamic theory rejects monarchy as well as the various forms of dictatorial government; it also rejects the aristocratic regimes and proposes a form of government, which contains all the positive aspects of the democratic system.

He continued to champion this point until his final days:

Lastly, I demand, in the name of all of you and in the name of the values you uphold, to allow the people the opportunity truly to exercise their right in running the affairs of the country by holding elections in which a council representing the ummah (people) could truly emerge.' ''

Al-Sadr was executed by

in 1980 before he was able to provide any details of the mechanism for the practical application of the ''shahada'' concept in an Islamic state. A few elaborations of ''shahada'' can be found in Al-Sadr's works. In his text ''Role of the Shiah Imams in the Reconstruction of Islamic Society'', Al-Sadr illustrates the scope and limitations of ''shahada'' by using the example of the third Shi'i Imam,

Hussein ibn Ali Husayn ibn Ali (; 11 January 626 – 10 October 680 CE) was a social, political and religious leader in early medieval Arabia. The grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and an Alid (the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muhammad's daughter ...

(the grandson of Muhammad), who defied

Yazid Yazīd (, "increasing", "adding more") is an Arabic name and may refer to: Given name * Yazid I (647–683), second Umayyad Caliph upon succeeding his father Muawiyah * Yazid II (687–724), Umayyad caliph * Yazid III (701–744), Umayyad caliph ...

, the ruler at the time. Al-Sadr explained that Yazid was not simply acting counter to Islamic teachings, as many rulers before and after him had done, but he was distorting the teachings and traditions of Islam and presenting his deviant ideas as representative of Islam itself. This, therefore, is what led Imam Hussein to intervene challenging Yazid in order to restore the true teachings of Islam, and consequently laying down his own life. In Al-Sadr's own words, the ''shahid's'' (witness – person performing ''shahada'' or supervision) duties are "to protect the correct doctrines and to see that deviations do not grow to the extent of threatening the ideology itself".

The Logical Foundations of Induction

One notable book that is considered by scholars to be a great achievement of al-Sadr is his book entitled ''The Logical Foundations of Induction.'' This book represents the core of al-Sadr's attempt to give a rational logical foundation for growing knowledge by inductive means, and ultimately establish a new inductive logic termed by al-Sadr as the "Subjectivist Logic" (), that sets the logical rules for this type of knowledge growth.

List of works

Al-Sadr engaged Western philosophical ideas, challenging them as necessary and incorporating them where appropriate, with the ultimate goal of demonstrating that religious knowledge was not antithetical to scientific knowledge. The following is a list of his work:

Jurisprudence

*''Buhuth fi Sharh al- 'Urwah al' Wuthqa'' (Discourses on the Commentary of ''al- 'Urwah al-Wuthqa''), four volumes *''Al-Ta'liqah 'ala Minhaj al-Salihin'' (Annotation of Ayatullah Hakim's ''Minhaj al-Salihin''), two volumes *''Al-Fatawa al-Wadhihah'' (Clear Decrees). *''Mujaz Ahkam al-Hajj'' (Summarized Rules of Hajj) *''Al-Ta'liqah 'ala Manasik al-Hajj'' (Annotation of Ayatullah Khui's Hajj Rites) *''Al-Ta'liqah 'ala Salah al-Jumu'ah'' (Annotation on Friday Prayer)

Fundamentals of the law

*''Durus fi Ilm al-Usul'' (Lessons in the Science of Jurisprudence), 3 Parts.This has been translated into English twice: by

Roy Mottahedeh Roy Parviz Mottahedeh (born July 3, 1940-July 30, 2024) was an American historian who was Gurney Professor of History, Emeritus at Harvard University, where he taught courses on the pre-modern social and intellectual history of the Islamic Middle ...

as ''Lessons in Islamic Jurisprudence'' (2005) (Part 1 only) and anonymously as ''The Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence according to Shi'i Law'' (2003) . *''Al-Ma'alim al-Jadidah lil-Usul'' (The New Signposts of Jurisprudence) *''Ghayat al-Fikr'' (The Highest Degree of Thought)

Philosophy

*'' Falsafatuna''

(Our Philosophy) published in 1959

Logic

*''Al-Usus al-Mantiqiyyah lil-Istiqra'' (

The Logical Foundations of Induction ''The Logical Foundations of Induction'' () is a philosophical book by the Shia jurisprudent and philosopher Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr. The book is al-Sadr's attempt to deal with the problem of induction, and ultimately establish a common rat ...

)

Theology

*''Al-Mujaz fi Usul al-Din: al-Mursil, al-Rasul, al-Risalah'' (The Summarized Principles of Religion: The Sender, The Messenger, The Message) *''Al-Tashayyu' wa al-Islam - Bahth Hawl al-Wilayah'' (Discourse on Divine Authority) *''Bahth Hawl al-Mahdi'' (Discourse on Imam Mahdi)

Economics

*'' Iqtisaduna'' (Our Economy) *''Al-Bank al-la Ribawi fi al-Islam'' (Usury-free Banking in Islam) *''Maqalat Iqtisadiyyah'' (Essays in Economy)

Qur'anic commentaries

*''Al-Tafsir al-Mawzu'i lil-Qur'an al-Karim - al-Madrasah al-Qur'aniyyah'' (The Thematic Exegesis of the Holy Qur'an) *''Buhuth fi 'Ulum al-Qur'an'' (Discourses on Qur'anic Sciences) *''Maqalat Qur'aniyyah'' (Essays on Qur'an)

History

*''Ahl al-Bayt Tanawwu' Ahdaf wa Wahdah Hadaf'' (Ahl al- Bayt, Variety of Objectives Towards a Single Goal) *''Fadak fi al-Tarikh'' (Fadak in History)

Islamic culture

*''Al-Islam Yaqud al-Hayah'' (Islam Directive to Life) *''Al-Madrasah al-Islamiyyah'' (Islamic School) *''Risalatuna'' (Our Mission) *''Nazrah Ammah fi al-Ibadat'' (General View on Rites of Worship) *''Maqalat wa Muhazrat'' (Essays and Lectures)

Articles

*"Al-'Amal wa al-Ahdaf" (The Deeds and the Goals): Min Fikr al- Da'wah. No. 13. Islamic Da'wah Party, central propagation, place and date of publication unknown. *"Al-'Amal al-Salih fi al-Quran" (The Proper Deeds According to Qur'an): Ikhtrna Lak. Beirut: Dar al-Zahra', 1982 *"Ahl al-Bayt: Tanawu' Adwar wa-Wihdat Hadaf" (The Household of the Prophet: Diversity of Roles But Unified Goal). Beirut: Dar al-Ta'ruf, 1985. *"Bahth Hawla al-Mahdi" (Thesis on Messiah). Beirut: Dar al- Ta'ruf, 1983. *"Bahth Hawla al-Wilayah" (Thesis on Rulership). Kuwait: Dar al- Tawhid, 1977. *"Da'watana il al-Islam Yajeb an Takun Enqilabiyah," (Our Call for Islam Must be Revolutionary): Fikr al-Da'wah, No. 13. Islamic Da'wah Party, central propagation, place and date of publication unknown. *"Dawr al-A'imah fi al-Hayat al-Islamiyah" (The Role of Imams in Muslims' Life): Ikhtarna Lak. Beirut: Dar al-Zahra', 1982 *"al-Dawlah al-Islamiyah" (The Islamic State), al-Jihad (March 14, 1983): 5 *"Hawla al-Marhala al-Ula min 'Amal al-Da'wah" (On the First Stage of Da'wah Political Program): Min Fikr al-Da'wah. No. 13. Islamic Da'wah Party, central propagation, place and date of publishing unknown. *"Hawla al-Ism wa-al-Shakl al-Tanzimi li-Hizb al-Da'wah al- Islamiyah" (On the Name and the Structural Organization of the Islamic Da'wah Party): Min Fikr al-Da'wah. No. 13. Islamic Da'wah Party, central propagation, place and date of publication unknown. *"al-Huriyah fi al-Quran" (Freedom According to the Quran): Ikhtarna Lak. Beirut: Dar al-Zahra', 1982 *"al-Itijahat al-Mustaqbaliyah li-Harakat al-Ijtihad" (The Future Trends of the Process of Ijtihad): Ikhtarna Lak. Beirut: Dar al-Zahra', 1980. *"al-Insan al-Mu'asir wa-al-Mushkilah al-Ijtima'yah" (Contemporary Man and the Social Problem) *"al-Janib al-Iqtisadi Min al-Nizam al-Islami" (The Economic Perspective of the Islamic System): Ikhtarna Lak. Beirut: Dar al-Zahra', 1982 *"Khalafat al-Insan wa-Shahadat al-Anbia" (Victory Role of Man, and Witness Role of Prophets): al-Islam Yaqwod al-Hayat. Iran: Islamic Ministry of Guidance, n.d. *"Khatut Tafsiliyah 'An Iqtisad al-Mujtama' al-Islami (General Basis of Economics of Islamic Society): al-Islam Yaqud al-Hayah. Iran: Islamic Ministry of Guidance, n.d. *"Lamha fiqhiyah Hawla Dustur al-Jumhuriyah al-Islamiyah" (A Preliminary Jurisprudence Basis of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic): al-Islam Yaqwod al-Hayat Iran: Islamic Ministry of Guidance, n.d. *"Madha Ta'ruf 'an al-Iqtisad al-Islami" (What Do You Know About Islamic Economics). al-Islam Yaqwod al-Hayat Iran: Islamic Ministry of Guidance, n.d. *"Manabi' al-Qudra fi al-Dawlah al-Islamiyah" (The Sources of Power in an Islamic State). al-Islam Yaqwod al-Hayat Iran: Islamic Ministry of Guidance, n.d. *"al-Mihna" (The Ordeal). Sawt al-Wihdah, Nos. 5, 6, 7. (n.d) *"Minhaj al-Salihin" (The Path of the Righteous). Beirut: Dar al- Ta'aruf, 1980. *"Muqaddimat fi al-Tafsir al-Mawdu'i Lil-Quran" (Introductions in Thematic Exegesis of the Quran). Kuwait: Dar al- Tawjyyh al-Islami, 1980. *"Nazarah 'Amah fi al-'Ibadat" (General Outlook on Worship): al-Fatawa al-Wadhiha. Beirut: Dar al-Ta'aruf, 1981. *"al-Nazriyah al-Islamiyah li-Tawzi' al-Masadr al-Tabi'iyah" (Islamic Theory of Distribution of Natural Resources): Ikhtarna Lak. Beirut: Dar al-Zahra', 1982. *"al-Nizam al-Islami Muqaranan bil-Nizam al-Ra'smali wa-al- Markisi" (The Islamic System Compared with The Capitalist and The Marxist Systems). Ikhtarna Lak. Beirut: Dar-al Zahra', 1982. *"Risalatuna wa-al-Da'wah" (Our Message and Our Sermon). Risalatuna. Beirut: al-Dar al-Islamiyah, 1981. *"Al-Shakhsiyah al-Islamiyah" (Muslim Personality): Min Fikr al-Da'wah al-Islamiyah (Of the Thoughts of Islamic Da'wah). No. 13. Islamic Da'wah Party, central propagation, place and date of publication unknown. *"Surah 'An Iqtisad al-Mujtama' al-Islami" (A Perspective on the Economy of Muslim Society). al-Islam Yaqwod al-Hayat Iran: Islamic Ministry of Guidance, n.d. *"al-Usus al-Amah li-al-Bank fi al-Mujtam al-Islami" (The General Basis of Banks in Islamic Society). in al-Islam Yaqwod al-Hayat Iran: Islamic Ministry of Guidance, n.d. *"Utruhat al-Marja'iyah al-Salihah" (Thesis on Suitable ''Marja'iyah''). In Kazim al-Ha'iri, Mabahith fi 'Ilm al-Usul.Qum, Iran: n.p., 1988. *"al-Yaqin al-Riyadi wa-al-Mantiq al-Waz'i" (The Mathematic Certainty and the Phenomenal Logic): Ikhtrna Lak. Beirut: Dar al-Zahra', 1982. *"Preface to al-Sahifah al-Sajadiyah" (of Imam Ali ibn Hussein al-Sajad) Tehran: al-Maktabah al-Islamiyah al-Kubra, n.d.

Notable colleagues and students

Hassan Nasrallah Hassan Nasrallah (, ; 31 August 196027 September 2024) was a Lebanese cleric and politician who served as the third secretary-general of Hezbollah, a Shia Islamist political party and militia, from 1992 until his assassination in 2024. Bor ...

Iftikhar Hussain Ansari Iftikhar Hussain Ansari (26 April 1942 – 30 September 2014), widely known among his followers as Moulvi Sahib, was a Kashmiri Shia cleric, politician, businessman and a proponent of the Grand Ashura Procession In Kashmir. He was one of the ...

* Muhammad Hussein Fadlullah * Muhammad Baqir al-Hakim * Muhammad Muhammad Sadiq as-Sadr * Mohsen Araki * Kazem al-Haeri *

Abbas al-Musawi Abbas al-Musawi ( ; ; 26 October 1952 – 16 February 1992) was a Lebanese Shia cleric who served as the second secretary-general of Hezbollah from 1991 until Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi, his assassination by Israel in 1992. Early l ...

Talib Jauhari Talib Jauhari (27 August 1929 – 21 June 2020) () was a Pakistani Islamic scholar, poet, historian and philosopher of the Shia Sect of Islam. He is widely renowned as the most prominent Shia scholar, and his sermons were broadcast on PTV (Pak ...

Syed Sajid Ali Naqvi Syed Sajid Ali Naqvi () is a Pakistani Shia Islamic scholar from Rawalpindi, Pakistan. He is the founder and leader of Islami Tehreek Pakistan also Patron-in-Chief of Shia Ulema Council. His main objective is to create an Islamic rule and has advo ...

* Allama Syed Zeeshan Haider Jawadi * Muhammad al-Tijani

Citations

Sources

* Mallat, Chibli. "Muhammad Baqir as-Sadr". ''Pioneers of Islamic Revival''. Ali Rahnema (ed.). London: Zed Books, 1994 {{DEFAULTSORT:Sadr, Muhammad Baqir Al- 1935 births 1980 deaths 20th-century executions by Iraq Iraqi Shia clerics Iraqi people of Lebanese descent Islamic philosophers Iraqi ayatollahs People from Kadhimiya Iraqi Shia Muslims Musawis Islamic Dawa Party politicians Shia scholars of Islam Iraqi Islamists Shia Islamists Executed politicians Executed philosophers People executed by Iraq by hanging Twelvers Iraqi dissidents