Shah Inayatullah (; 1655 – 1718), popularly known as Sufi Shah Inayat Shaheed, Shah Shaheed or Shah Inayat of Jhok, was a 17th-century Sindhi

Sufi Sufism ( or ) is a mysticism, mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic Tazkiyah, purification, spirituality, ritualism, and Asceticism#Islam, asceticism. Practitioners of Sufism are r ...

saint and

revolutionary A revolutionary is a person who either participates in, or advocates for, a revolution. The term ''revolutionary'' can also be used as an adjective to describe something producing a major and sudden impact on society. Definition The term—bot ...

from Jhok. He was the first socialist and agricultural reformist of Sindh. He was executed on the order of

Mughal Emperor The emperors of the Mughal Empire, who were all members of the Timurid dynasty (House of Babur), ruled the empire from its inception on 21 April 1526 to its dissolution on 21 September 1857. They were supreme monarchs of the Mughal Empire in ...

Farrukhsiyar Farrukhsiyar (; 20 August 16839 April 1719), also spelled as Farrukh Siyar, was the tenth Mughal emperors, Mughal Emperor from 1713 to 1719. He rose to the throne after deposing his uncle Jahandar Shah. He was an emperor only in name, with all ...

in the early eighteenth century. Sufi Inayat was accused of leading a small army of peasants (Harees) to challenge the domination of Farrukhsiyar, local feudal landlords, and Mullahs. His mantra, “Jo Kherray so Khaey” (), means, "The one who plows has the foremost right on the yield." His popularity forced the feudal landlords to contact Farrukhsiyar, who ordered the ruler of northern Sindh Mian Yar Muhammad Kalhoro to uproot Inayat and his companions. A prolonged siege of Jhok resulted in an offer of negotiations from the Kalhora commander. Sufi Inayat accepted the offer to avoid further bloodshed, but was instead arrested and later executed in Thatto.,

Early life

Shah Inayat was born in 1655/56 A.D to a Sindhi Langah family in Miranpur, Sindh near Jhok where Thatta-Tando Mohammad Khan-Hyderabad road stands in modern times.The socialist Sufi and the Jhok war
Dawn (newspaper), Published 20 July 2014, Retrieved 4 December 2021 His father Makhdum Fazlullah provided his early education. He travelled the subcontinent to find a spiritual guide (''murshid).'' He arrived in

Burhanpur Burhanpur is a historical city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the administrative seat of Burhanpur District. It is situated on the north bank of the Tapti River and northeast of city of Mumbai , southwest of the state's capita ...

and became initiated into the

Qadiriyya The Qadiriyya () or the Qadiri order () is a Sunni Sufi order (''Tariqa'') founded by Abdul Qadir Gilani (1077–1166, also transliterated ''Jilani''), who was a Hanbali scholar from Gilan, Iran. The order, with its many sub-orders, is widesp ...

order. He travelled to

Bijapur Bijapur (officially Vijayapura) is the district headquarters of Bijapur district of the Karnataka state of India. It is also the headquarters for Bijapur Taluk. Bijapur city is well known for its historical monuments of architectural importa ...

and from there to

Delhi Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, but spread chiefly to the west, or beyond its Bank (geography ...

. In Bijapur, he was a disciple of Shah Abdul Malik ibn Shah Ubaidullah Jilani Qadiri. When his learning was complete, he took leave from his ''murshid''. Before his departure, Shah Abdul Malik placed four things before his disciple: a ''tasbeeh'', a prayer mat, a ''karaa'', and a sword. Shah Inayat chose the sword (a symbol of martyrdom), to which his ''murshid'' asked: 'O fakir what price will you pay for this gift?' He replied: "The price is my head."

Influence

Once back in Miranpur, Shah Inayat spent his days in meditation and prayer. He had inherited a vast tract of land from his ancestors near his hometown. His message was one of love, tolerance, and equality. Peasants left their respective lands to join his commune to work for Shah Inayat as he had organized collective farming on his own lands. He had raised the slogan, "One who tills the land should eat he crop.Call to follow philosophy of Shah Inayat
Dawn (newspaper), Published 12 January 2012, Retrieved 4 December 2021 He established a monastery (''khangah'') at Miranpur and distributed his land among the landless tillers (''harees''). He expressed opposition to the landlords (''zamindar'') as well as orthodox theologians. He attracted many followers among the peasantry, and organized them against the rulers, landlords and religious scholars, urging them not to pay agriculture tax to the rulers or give a share of their produce to the landlords. The landlords and orthodox mullahs then aligned against him and complained to Azam Khan, governor of Thatta Sarkar that Shah Inayat was trying to overthrow the government.

Battle of Jhok

Shah Inayat's rising influence among his followers in the area of lower Sindh (Thatta Sarkar) caused much discontent in Yar Muhammad Kalhoro, the feudal lord. The latter enjoyed political sway over Bakhar Sarkar (Northern Sindh) and Sehwan Sarkar (Central Sindh) and thus wanted to control over Thatta Sarkar which was still under the rule of

Mughal Mughal or Moghul may refer to: Related to the Mughal Empire * Mughal Empire of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries * Mughal dynasty * Mughal emperors * Mughal people, a social group of Central and South Asia * Mughal architecture * Mug ...

Nawabs. Kalhoro, the first ruler of

Kalhora dynasty The Kalhora dynasty () was a Sindhi Muslim Kalhora tribe dynasty based in the region of Sindh, present day Pakistan. The dynasty governed much of Sindh and parts of Kutch (present-day Gujarat, India) between 1701 and 1783 from their capital of ...

, strove to consolidate his power across

Sindh Sindh ( ; ; , ; abbr. SD, historically romanized as Sind (caliphal province), Sind or Scinde) is a Administrative units of Pakistan, province of Pakistan. Located in the Geography of Pakistan, southeastern region of the country, Sindh is t ...

, but found the social movement of Sufi Shah Inayat a hurdle in realizing his ambition. Thus he, along with other influential landlords, and Pirs of Dargah succeeded in persuading the Delhi government to act against Shah Inayat and his followers for their rebellion against the

Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire was an Early modern period, early modern empire in South Asia. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to ...

. A battle was launched on

's order with the combined forces of Kalhora Chief and the Mughal army of governor of

Thatta Thatta is a city in the Pakistani province of Sindh. Thatta was the medieval capital of Sindh, and served as the seat of power for three successive dynasties. Its construction was ordered by Jam Nizamuddin II in 1495. Thatta's historic signif ...

. The Battle of Jhok was a clash between the Mughal forces along with their local rulers and a band of Sufis who chose to revolt against the feudal and imperial order of the day. A siege was laid to the town of Jhok for about four months, but Shah Inayat's followers gave a stiff resistance. Shah Inayat was preparing to attack the invaders on 1 January 1718 AD, when the Kalhora chief sent Shahdad Khan Talpur with the

Quran The Quran, also Romanization, romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a Waḥy, revelation directly from God in Islam, God (''Allah, Allāh''). It is organized in 114 chapters (, ) which ...

to invite Shah Inayat for peace talks. However, when Shah Inayat met Yar Muhammad Kalhoro for talks, he was arrested, brought to

and presented to the Mughal governor.

Silsilah of Sufi al-Qadiri
Tariqah A ''tariqa'' () is a religious order of Sufism, or specifically a concept for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking , which translates as "ultimate truth". A tariqa has a (guide) who plays the r ...

# •

Prophet Muhammad In Islam, Muhammad () is venerated as the Seal of the Prophets who transmitted the Quran, eternal word of God () from the Angels in Islam, angel Gabriel () to humans and jinn. Muslims believe that the Quran, the central religious text of Isl ...

# • Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib # • Imam Husayn # • Imam Ali Zayn al-Abidin # • Imam Muhammad Baqir # • Imam

Ja'far as-Sadiq Ja'far al-Sadiq (; –765) was a Muslim hadith transmitter and the last agreed-upon Shia Imam between the Twelvers and Isma'ilis. Known by the title al-Sadiq ("The Truthful"), Ja'far was the eponymous founder of the Ja'fari school of Islamic ...

# • Imam

Musa al-Kazim Musa al-Kazim (; 745–799) was a descendant of the Prophets and messengers in Islam, Islamic prophet Muhammad and the seventh Twelve Imams, imam in Twelver Shi'ism, Twelver Shia Islam. Musa is often known by the title al-Kazim (), apparently ...

# • Imam Ali Musa Rida # • Ma'ruf Karkhi # • Sari Saqati # •

Junayd al-Baghdadi Junayd of Baghdad (; ) was a mystic and one of the most famous of the early Islamic saints. He is a central figure in the spiritual lineage of many Sufi orders. Junayd taught in Baghdad throughout his lifetime and was an important figure in t ...

# • Shaikh

Abu Bakr Shibli Abu Bakr al-Shibli (; 861–946) was an important Sufi of Persian descent, and a disciple of Junayd al-Baghdadi. He followed the Maliki school of jurisprudence (''fiqh''). Biography Abu Bakr Shibli was born in Samarra, although his family was ...

# • Shaikh Abdul Aziz Tamimi # • Abu al-Fadl Abu al-Wahid al-Tamīmī # • Abu al-Farah Tartusi # • Abu al-Hasan Farshi # • Abu Sa'id al- Mubarak Makhzoomi # •

Abdul Qadir Jilani Abdul Qadir Gilani (; ; c. 1077/78 – 1166) was a Hanbali scholar, preacher, and Sufi leader who was the eponym of the Qadiriyya, one of the oldest Sufi orders. He was born c. 1077/78 in the town of Na'if, Rezvanshahr in Gilan, Persia, an ...

# •

Abdul Razzaq Gilani ʿAbd al-Razzāq b. ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī (c. Dhu al-Qi'dah 528 AH – 6 Shawwal 603 AH/9 September 1134 – 7 May 1207),''The works of Shaykh Umar Eli of Somalia of al-Tariqat al-Qadiriyyah.'' also known as Abū Bakr al-Jīlī or ʿAbd ...

# • Shahabuddin # • Muhammad Shah ibn Ahmad Shah # • Hassan Shah Baghdadi # • Muhammad Shah Baghdadi # • Sayyid Ali Shah # • Sayyid Musa Shah # • Sayyid Mir Hassan Shah # • Sayyid Abu al-Abbas Ahmad Shah # • Khwaja Bahauddin Ibrahim # • Abu al-Fath Shams al-Din known as "Sheikh Shahi" # • Syed Abdul Malik Shah of

# • Shah Inayat Shaheed Shah Inayat Shaheed's

silsilah ''Silsila'' () is an Arabic word meaning ''chain'', ''link'', ''connection'' often used in various senses of lineage. In particular, it may be translated as "spiritual genealogy" where one Sufi Master transfers his ''khilafat'' to his '' ...

also includes common figures with the Qadiri-Barkati-Rizvi Silsilah of

Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi Ahmad Raza Khan Baraylawi (14 June 1856–28 October 1921), known reverentially as A'la Hazrat, (Grand Master), was an Islamic scholar, mufti, polymath, gnostic, poet from (undivided) India, he is considered as the founder of the Barelvi move ...

, namely, Sayyid Ali, Sayyid Musa, Sayyid Hassan, Sayyid Ahmad and Khwaja Bahauddin.

Custodians and Successors

Sufi Attaullah Sattari is the present Sajjada Nashin of Dargah Jhok Sharif. He succeeded his father and murshid Sufi Irshad Sattari in 1974. At a young age of 22, he took over the responsibilities of shrine. Line of Successors: # • Izzatullah Shah Gundpir # • Muhammad Zahid Shah Kalaan # • Muhammad Ibrahim Shah Qataal # • Izzatullah Shah Sakhi Pir # • Muhammad Ibrahim Shah Banglay-Dhareen # • Muhammad Zahid Shah alias Wasan Sain # • Abdul Sattar Shah I # • Ghous Baksh Shah alias Hadi Sain # • Abdul Sattar Shah II # • Sufi Ghous Muhammad alias Sufi Irshad Abbas # • Sahib Karim Sufi Ataullah Sattari

References

External links

Sufi Shah Inayat Shaheed
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah Inayat Shaheed History of Sindh Sindhi people Mughal Empire Sufis Sufis of Sindh Sufism in Sindh Sufi mystics People from Thatta District 1655 births 1718 deaths Sindhi-language poets 18th-century Mughal Empire people