The Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich (S6MF) is a radar altimeter satellite developed in partnership between several European and American organizations. It is part of the Jason satellite series and is named after Michael Freilich. S6MF includes

synthetic-aperture radar Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) is a form of radar that is used to create two-dimensional images or three-dimensional reconstructions of objects, such as landscapes. SAR uses the motion of the radar antenna over a target region to provide fine ...

altimetry techniques to improve

ocean topography The seabed (also known as the seafloor, sea floor, ocean floor, and ocean bottom) is the bottom of the ocean. All floors of the ocean are known as 'seabeds'. The structure of the seabed of the global ocean is governed by plate tectonics. Most of ...

measurements, in addition to rivers and lakes.

Spacecraft

The Sentinel-6 program includes two identical satellites, to be launched five years apart, Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich, which launched on 21 November 2020, and Sentinel-6B, which will launch in 2025. These satellites will measure sea level change from space, which have been measured without interruption since 1992. Formerly called ''Sentinel-6A'' and ''Jason-CS A'' (''Jason Continuity of Service-A''), it was renamed in honor of the former director of NASA Earth Science Division, Michael Freilich, who was instrumental in advancing space-based ocean measurements. It follows the most recent U.S.-European sea level observation satellite,

Jason-3 Jason-3 is a satellite altimeter created by a partnership of the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) and National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA), and is an international cooperative mis ...

, which launched in 2016, and is currently providing high-precision and timely observations of the topography of the global ocean.

Context

Since the launch of

TOPEX/Poseidon TOPEX/Poseidon was a joint satellite altimeter mission between NASA, the U.S. space agency; and CNES, the French space agency, to map ocean surface topography. Launched on August 10, 1992, it was the first major oceanographic research satelli ...

on 10 August 1992, high-precision satellite altimeters have been essential to monitor how the ocean stores and redistributes heat, water, and carbon in the climate system. The two satellites, Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich and Sentinel-6B, will extend this legacy through to at least 2030, which will provide a nearly forty-year record of sea level rise as well as changes in ocean currents.

Partnership

The Sentinel-6 was developed by

European Space Agency , owners = , headquarters = Paris, Île-de-France, France , coordinates = , spaceport = Guiana Space Centre , seal = File:ESA emblem seal.png , seal_size = 130px , image = Views in the Main Control Room (1205 ...

(ESA) in the context of the European Copernicus Programme led by the European Commission, the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), NASA, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), with funding support from the European Commission and technical support from France's National Centre for Space Studies ( CNES, Centre national d'études spatiales). The Sentinel-6 mission is part of the Copernicus programme initiative, the main objective of the Sentinel-6 mission is to measure sea surface topography with high accuracy and reliability to support ocean forecasting systems, environmental monitoring and climate monitoring. The mission definition is driven by the need for continuity in provision of

mission and Jason satellite series (

Jason-1 Jason-1 was a satellite altimeter oceanography mission. It sought to monitor global ocean circulation, study the ties between the ocean and the atmosphere, improve global climate forecasts and predictions, and monitor events such as El Niño ...

OSTM/Jason-2 OSTM/Jason-2, or Ocean Surface Topography Mission/Jason-2 satellite, was an international Earth observation satellite, Earth observation satellite altimeter joint mission for sea surface height measurements between NASA and CNES. It was the t ...

, and

) with improvements in instrument performance and coverage. ESA, NASA, and EUMETSAT will provide mission management and system engineering support. EUMETSAT and NASA will be responsible for long-term archives of altimetry data products. All partners will be involved with the selection of science investigators.

Responsibilities of partners

ESA * has responsibility for the development of the first satellite and the ground prototype processors, and for procurement of the second satellite on behalf of EUMETSAT and the European Commission * has responsibility for conducting the Launch and Early Operations Phase (LEOP) of both satellites * supports flight operations performed by EUMETSAT EUMETSAT * has responsibility for ground segment development and coordination at system level, including for operations preparation * has responsibility for conducting operations of the two satellites after LEOP performed by ESA * has responsibility for conducting operations of the European part of the ground segment, including processing of altimeter data and delivery of product services to European users NASA * has responsibility for the development and delivery of the U.S. payload instruments, the microwave radiometer and the GNSS radio occultation receiver * provides launch services for both satellites * provides ground segment development support and will contribute to operations and data processing on the U.S. side, including processing of GNSS radio occultation data * with NOAA, shares responsibility for the distribution of products to research and operational users in the U.S. NOAA * provides a U.S. ground station for tracking and command of the satellite and data downlinks * with NASA, shares responsibility for the distribution of products to research and operational users in the U.S. CNES * has responsibility for processing higher-level products (L2P, L3) * has responsibility for providing precise orbit determination and support for Doris and altimeter operations

Instruments

* POSEIDON4, a radar altimeter, developed by ESA, based on the Sentinel-3 SRAL instrument, but with a design adopted to allow an interleaved mode combining a

High-Resolution (HR) mode and a low resolution (LR) mode based on pulse-limited altimetry * Advanced Microwave Radiometer (AMR-C) provided by NASA * Global Navigation Satellite System

Precise Orbit Determination Orbit determination is the estimation of orbits of objects such as moons, planets, and spacecraft. One major application is to allow tracking newly observed asteroids and verify that they have not been previously discovered. The basic methods wer ...

(GNSS POD) receiver, developed by ESA and derived from the GNSS Receiver on Sentinel-3 * Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS Receiver), identical to the one used on Jason-3 and Sentinel-3 *

Laser Reflector Array A retroreflector (sometimes called a retroflector or cataphote) is a device or surface that reflects radiation (usually light) back to its source with minimum scattering. This works at a wide range of angle of incidence, unlike a planar mirror, ...

(LRA), used for satellite laser ranging, identical to the one used on Jason-3, provided by NASA * GNSS Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) based on a Tri-G receiver, provided by NASA

References

{{Orbital launches in 2020 Copernicus Programme Jason satellite series Earth observation satellites of the European Space Agency SpaceX commercial payloads Spacecraft launched in 2020