The Senedd building (),
in
Cardiff
Cardiff (; ) is the capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of Wales. Cardiff had a population of in and forms a Principal areas of Wales, principal area officially known as the City and County of Ca ...
, houses the
debating chamber
A debate chamber is a room for conducting the business of a deliberative assembly or otherwise for debating. When used as the meeting place of a legislature, a debate chamber may also be known as a council chamber, legislative chamber, assembly ...
and three committee rooms of the
Senedd
The Senedd ( ; ), officially known as the Welsh Parliament in English and () in Welsh, is the devolved, unicameral legislature of Wales. A democratically elected body, Its role is to scrutinise the Welsh Government and legislate on devolve ...
(Welsh Parliament; ; formerly the National Assembly for Wales). The Senedd building was opened by Queen
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 19268 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II, her death in 2022. ...
on 1 March 2006,
Saint David's Day, and the total cost was £69.6 million, which included £49.7 million in construction costs. The Senedd building is part of the Senedd estate that includes
Tŷ Hywel and the
Pierhead Building.
After two selection processes, it was decided that the debating chamber would be on a new site, called Site 1E, at Capital Waterside in
Cardiff Bay
Cardiff Bay (; colloquially "The Bay") is an area and freshwater lake in Cardiff, Wales. The site of a former tidal bay and estuary, it is the river mouth of the River Taff and River Ely, Ely. The body of water was converted into a lake as part ...
. The
Pritzker Prize-winning architect
Lord Rogers of Riverside won an international
architectural design competition, managed by
RIBA Competitions, to design the building. It was designed to be
sustainable
Sustainability is a social goal for people to co-exist on Earth over a long period of time. Definitions of this term are disputed and have varied with literature, context, and time. Sustainability usually has three dimensions (or pillars): env ...
with the use of renewable technologies and energy efficiency integrated into its design. The building was awarded an "Excellent" certification by the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (
BREEAM), and was nominated for the 2006
Stirling Prize.
The Senedd building was constructed in two phases, the first in 2001 and the second from August 2003 until it was handed over to the then National Assembly for Wales in February 2006. Between phases, the National Assembly changed contractors and the project's management structure, but retained Lord Rogers of Riverside as the scheme architect. The building was nearly six times over budget and four years and 10 months late, compared to the original estimates of the project in 1997. Total costs rose due to unforeseen security measures after the
11 September attacks, and because the National Assembly did not have an independent cost appraisal of the project until December 2000, three years after the original estimate. Phase 2 costs rose by less than 6% over budget, and that phase was six months late.
Architecture
The Senedd building is in the former
Cardiff Docks, about south of
Cardiff Castle. Cardiff Docks had been the largest coal-exporting port in the world, but by the 1980s with the decline of the
south Wales coalfield, the area had gradually become derelict.
By the 1990s the area was being transformed with the construction of the
Cardiff Bay Barrage and was renamed Cardiff Bay.
The building faces southwest over Cardiff Bay, it has a glass façade around the entire building and is dominated by a steel roof and wood ceiling. It has three floors; the first and second floors are accessible to the public and the ground floor is a private area for officials. The building was designed to be as open and accessible as possible, the architects, the
Richard Rogers Partnership (RRP) said "The building was not to be an insular, closed edifice. Rather it would be a transparent envelope, looking outwards to Cardiff Bay and beyond, making visible the inner workings of the Assembly and encouraging public participation in the democratic process."
The main area in the building is the debating chamber, called the Siambr, including a public viewing gallery. Other areas of the building are the Neuadd, which is the main reception area on the first floor and the Oriel on the second floor. The three committee rooms and the Cwrt are on the ground floor.
Environmental features
The design criteria required sustainability, including a design life of 100 years, the use of local Welsh materials, minimal energy consumption and waste, the use of renewable technologies and for it to be an exemplar in terms of sustainability.
In total, 36% of all materials and labour costs were spent in Wales, with about 1,000
tonne
The tonne ( or ; symbol: t) is a unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms. It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI. It is also referred to as a metric ton in the United States to distinguish it from the non-metric units of the s ...
s of
Welsh slate used.
The environmental features of the building have allowed energy savings of between 30% and 50% compared to buildings without these features. The features include 27 pipes that were drilled 100m below ground, so that during cold spells, water is pumped through the pipes and heated to 14 °C by
geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is thermal energy extracted from the crust (geology), crust. It combines energy from the formation of the planet and from radioactive decay. Geothermal energy has been exploited as a source of heat and/or electric power for m ...
.
The hot water is then pumped back up to the slate floor to warm the building to a constant temperature.
In warm spells, the same system helps to keep the building cool. A biomass boiler was installed to use wood chips from recycled waste wood to heat the building,
and rainwater is collected from the roof to flush the toilets in the building.
Interior and contents
Y Siambr (''The Chamber''; ) is a debating chamber, which holds all 60
Members of the Senedd (MSs) in a circular configuration under the cowl.
The Siambr can be increased to accommodate 80 MSs in the future, by removing temporary walls.
On the level above is the public viewing gallery, which looks down on the debating chamber and is separated by security glass.
The public gallery holds 128 people on two rows of seats.
The MSs' desks and public gallery seating are made of
Welsh oak in a circular configuration so that all MSs can see each other, which, it is claimed, makes debating less confrontational.
Between April 2025 and March 2026, Y Siambr is undergoing refurbishment to increase its capacity to 96 in order to accommodate the larger number of members that will be returned at the
Senedd election. During this time, plenary sessions of the Senedd are held in Siambr Hywel within
Tŷ Hywel adjacent to the Senedd building.
In front of the
Llywydd's desk is the
ceremonial mace
A ceremonial mace is a highly ornamented staff of metal or wood, carried before a Head of state, sovereign or other high officials in civic ceremonies by a mace-bearer, intended to represent the official's authority. The mace, as used today, der ...
. Melbourne goldsmith Fortunato Rocca was commissioned by the
Parliament of New South Wales
The Parliament of New South Wales, formally the Legislature of New South Wales, (definition of "The Legislature") is the bicameral legislative body of the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW). It consists of the Monarch, the New South Wa ...
in 2002 to design it. The mace took 300 hours to craft and is made from gold, silver and brass.
In 2006, it was worth around £10,500 (
A$25,000) and was handed over to the National Assembly during the opening ceremony.
All committee meetings are held in three committee rooms. Each can accommodate 24 people, although committee rooms 1 and 2 can both hold 34 when fully opened. Members of the public can access the committee room viewing galleries from the Neuadd, which holds 31 people.
Members of the public enter the building through Y Neuadd ("The
Hall
In architecture, a hall is a relatively large space enclosed by a roof and walls. In the Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages in northern Europe, a mead hall was where a lord and his retainers ate and also slept. Later in the Middle Ages, the gre ...
" ). This first floor level houses the public reception and information area. The reception desk features a large slate and glass desk and a canopy. Stairs to the left of the desk lead to the Oriel on the second floor.
Yr Oriel ("The Gallery", from ; ) is a public sitting and exhibition area with views down to Y Siambr and committee rooms. The glass flooring, which surrounds a large funnel feature, enables visitors to look down into the Siambr two floors below.
The Swan chairs selected for the Neuadd and Oriel areas were from
Fritz Hansen, a Danish company, and originally designed by
Arne Jacobsen
Arne Emil Jacobsen, Honorary Fellowship of the American Institute of Architects, Hon. FAIA (; 11 February 1902 – 24 March 1971) was a Danish architect and furniture designer. He is remembered for his contribution to functionalism (architec ...
in 1958.
[
]
''Y Cwrt'' ("The
Courtyard
A courtyard or court is a circumscribed area, often surrounded by a building or complex, that is open to the sky.
Courtyards are common elements in both Western and Eastern building patterns and have been used by both ancient and contemporary a ...
"; ) is an area on the ground floor with a members' tea room, a media briefing room, and access to the Siambr and committee rooms. It is accessible only to MSs, officials of the Senedd and members of the press.
An undulating ceiling made of Canadian-sourced
Western Redcedar timber spans across the various sections of the building. It was manufactured and installed by BCL Timber Projects (sub-contracted by
Taylor Woodrow).
Artwork
Four pieces of art were originally commissioned by the National Assembly to be both decorative and functional; they cost £300,000 in total. The Swansea-based artist Alexander Beleschenko
designed and created the circular and domed ''Heart of Wales'' for the centre of the ''Siambr''. It is wide, made out of blue and gold glass, and lit from beneath.
Martin Richman designed and created 270 fabric-covered acoustic absorption panels, which were dyed and painted.
American sculptor
Danny Lane designed and created the wind hedge, ''Assembly Field''. It has five parallel rows of 32 glass plates and was designed to have the practical use of protecting the public from high winds coming off Cardiff Bay.
Devon-born sculptor Richard Harris
created ''The Meeting Place on the Plinth'', which is 45
tonnes
The tonne ( or ; symbol: t) is a unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms. It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI. It is also referred to as a metric ton in the United States to distinguish it from the non-metric units of the s ...
of slate machine-cut into 39 slate slabs; the slate was from
Cwt y Bugail Quarry in
north Wales
North Wales ( ) is a Regions of Wales, region of Wales, encompassing its northernmost areas. It borders mid Wales to the south, England to the east, and the Irish Sea to the north and west. The area is highly mountainous and rural, with Snowdon ...
.
It is an informal seating area south of the building. Harris said of the work, "I wanted to create a space that was to the side of the building, that related closely to the building but was very inviting for people to use – somewhere quieter that people could sit and spend some time."
In 2008, two temporary tinplate portraits were commissioned by the National Assembly for Wales. The artist was Dylan Hammond, and each portrait, one of
Aneurin Bevan
Aneurin "Nye" Bevan Privy Council (United Kingdom), PC (; 15 November 1897 – 6 July 1960) was a Welsh Labour Party (UK), Labour Party politician, noted for spearheading the creation of the British National Health Service during his t ...
and the other of
Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher (; 13 October 19258 April 2013), was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party (UK), Leader of th ...
measured x . They were on display for 3 months.
The Welsh sculptor and blacksmith Angharad Pearce Jones designed and created the ''Three Maps of Wales'' () that were unveiled in 2021.
They were made from
Port Talbot steel at her workshop near
Brynamman and are on permanent display.
They consist of three large steel maps of Wales, the smallest shows the boundaries of the 5 electoral regions of the Senedd, the other the 40 constituencies of the Senedd and the largest being the landscape of Wales and weights and is wide and just over 2 metres high.
The largest map of the Welsh landscape is on wheels so it can be displayed in other parts of the building if needed.
Etymology
The Welsh word means 'senate' or 'parliament'.
The
Roman Senate
The Roman Senate () was the highest and constituting assembly of ancient Rome and its aristocracy. With different powers throughout its existence it lasted from the first days of the city of Rome (traditionally founded in 753 BC) as the Sena ...
() used the word Senatus in its name, which is derived from the Latin word , meaning 'old man', 'old age', 'elder' or 'council of elders'.
Background and construction
First site selection process
Under the
Laws in Wales Act 1536 Wales was fully incorporated into England and administered as a single sovereign state (the
Kingdom of England
The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the late 9th century, when it was unified from various Heptarchy, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Kingdom of Scotland, Scotland to f ...
) with a single legal system (
English law
English law is the common law list of national legal systems, legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly English criminal law, criminal law and Civil law (common law), civil law, each branch having its own Courts of England and Wales, ...
).
It was in 1964 that the
Secretary of State for Wales was created as a Cabinet post, which gave some powers to Wales.
A
referendum was held in 1979 to decide whether there was support for a Welsh Assembly among the Welsh electorate.
This was defeated with a majority of 20.2% for and 79.7% against.
After the
1997 United Kingdom general election
The 1997 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday, 1 May 1997. The governing Conservative Party (UK), Conservative Party led by Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Prime Minister John Major was defeated in a Landslide victory, la ...
, the
Labour Government published a
white paper
A white paper is a report or guide that informs readers concisely about a complex issue and presents the issuing body's philosophy on the matter. It is meant to help readers understand an issue, solve a problem, or make a decision. Since the 199 ...
in July 1997, called ''A Voice for Wales''; in it, the
UK Government
His Majesty's Government, abbreviated to HM Government or otherwise UK Government, is the central government, central executive authority of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. proposed that "(the
Welsh Assembly
The Senedd ( ; ), officially known as the Welsh Parliament in English and () in Welsh, is the devolved, unicameral legislature of Wales. A democratically elected body, Its role is to scrutinise the Welsh Government and legislate on devolve ...
) headquarters will be in Cardiff ... (the) setting up (of) the Assembly is likely to cost between £12M and £17M. Additional running costs should be between £15M and £20M a year."
On 18 September 1997, Wales voted in favour of a National Assembly for Wales in the
Welsh devolution referendum, with 50.30% for and 49.70% against. The
Government of Wales Act 1998
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a ...
was passed by the
Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, and may also legislate for the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It meets at the Palace ...
, and was granted
Royal Assent
Royal assent is the method by which a monarch formally approves an act of the legislature, either directly or through an official acting on the monarch's behalf. In some jurisdictions, royal assent is equivalent to promulgation, while in othe ...
on 31 July 1998.
Before the referendum took place, the
Welsh Office asked Symonds Facilities Management (later known as
Capita Symonds) to investigate possible sites for a new Welsh Assembly.
The study was carried out in June 1997, and it considered 20 sites.
By August 1997, the Welsh Office and the Property Advisors to the Civil Estate (now part of the
Office of Government Commerce
The Office of Government Commerce (OGC) was a Government of the United Kingdom, UK Government Office established as part of HM Treasury in 2000. It was moved into the Efficiency and Reform Group of the Cabinet Office in 2010, before being closed ...
) produced a shortlist of five
sites for selection: the
Cathays Park Building (the existing Welsh Office buildings); the
Coal Exchange in
Cardiff Bay
Cardiff Bay (; colloquially "The Bay") is an area and freshwater lake in Cardiff, Wales. The site of a former tidal bay and estuary, it is the river mouth of the River Taff and River Ely, Ely. The body of water was converted into a lake as part ...
; a site next to
County Hall in Cardiff Bay; the former
Glamorgan County Hall,
Cathays Park; and
Cardiff City Hall, Cathays Park, owned by
Cardiff Council.
In making their decision they considered the need for a space of that would be ready to use by May 1999. The building was to be of appropriate stature, location and quality, and provide good access for the disabled and good staff accommodation that would avoid disruption to existing staff.
From the five on the shortlist, two sites were selected for further consideration: the Cathays Park Building and Cardiff City Hall.
Cardiff City Hall was favoured because the executive and
legislative
A legislature (, ) is a deliberative assembly with the legal authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation or city on behalf of the people therein. They are often contrasted with the executive and judicial powers ...
functions would be separated; Cardiff City Hall was more widely recognised by the Welsh public and was a more prestigious building compared with the Cathays Park Building. The move to Cardiff City Hall would have also avoided a disruptive move for Welsh Office staff at the Cathays Park Building.
The Welsh Office concluded that Cardiff City Hall would only remain an option if the initial costs were £17M or less, which was the top end of the estimate figure given in the White Paper. This would only be possible if essential works were carried out immediately and the remainder of the work carried out later. Cardiff Council would need to agree a selling price of £5M or less for this to be possible.
There were discussions between the leader of Cardiff Council,
Russell Goodway, and the Secretary of State for Wales,
Ron Davies MP. The two disagreed on the valuation of the site: Davies offered what was believed to be the market price of £3.5 million; Goodway demanded £14 million for the relocation of Council staff.
In October 1997, both the Welsh Office and Cardiff Council agreed to the District Valuer providing an independent assessment of the market value of Cardiff City Hall and the cost of staff relocating to an equivalent standard of accommodation.
The District Valuer advised that the open market value of Cardiff City Hall was £3.5 million.
There was not enough information available for the District Valuer to make a decision.
A bid of £2.5 million was made by the Welsh Office on 14 November 1997, which was rejected on 21 November 1997.
A final offer of £3.5 million was made on 24 November and this too was rejected by Cardiff County Council. Davies later announced his decision not to go ahead with the Cardiff City Hall site for the National Assembly.
Second site selection process
In December 1997, the Welsh Office invited proposals from Wales for the National Assembly building. 24 proposals were received;
14 came from the private sector and
government-owned corporation
A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a business entity created or owned by a national or local government, either through an executive order or legislation. SOEs aim to generate profit for the government, prevent private sector monopolies, provide goo ...
s including
HTV Group, Grosvenor Waterside (owned by
Associated British Ports),
Tarmac Developments,
Cardiff Bay Development Corporation and
Cardiff Airport
Cardiff Airport () is an airport in Rhoose, Vale of Glamorgan. It is the only airport offering commercial passenger services and cargo services in Wales. The airport is owned by the Welsh Government, operating it at arm's length as a commercia ...
.
Nine
local authorities in Wales made proposals including the
Guildhall
A guildhall, also known as a guild hall or guild house, is a historical building originally used for tax collecting by municipalities or merchants in Europe, with many surviving today in Great Britain and the Low Countries. These buildings commo ...
proposed by
Swansea Council, Cardiff City Hall by
Cardiff Council,
Margam Castle by
Neath Port Talbot Council,
Cyfarthfa Castle
Cyfarthfa Castle (; ) is a castellated mansion that was the home of the Crawshay family, ironmasters of Cyfarthfa Ironworks in Park, Merthyr Tydfil, Wales. The house commanded a view of the valley and the works, which ‘at night, offer a tru ...
by
Merthyr Tydfil Council; proposals also came from
Wrexham Council,
Flintshire County Council
Flintshire County Council is the unitary local authority for the county of Flintshire, one of the principal areas of Wales. It is based at Tŷ Dewi Sant, Ewloe since 2025. It was previously based at County Hall in Mold.
Elections take place ...
who proposed two sites at
Ewloe
Ewloe (; , ) is a village and electoral ward in the community (Wales), community of Hawarden in Flintshire, Wales. It is situated close to the Flintshire/Cheshire sector of the Wales-England border. Flintshire County Council is based at St Davi ...
and
Mold
A mold () or mould () is one of the structures that certain fungus, fungi can form. The dust-like, colored appearance of molds is due to the formation of Spore#Fungi, spores containing Secondary metabolite#Fungal secondary metabolites, fungal ...
,
Rhondda Cynon Taf Council,
Powys County Council and five sites from
Bridgend Council.
The Grosvenor Waterside proposal, known as Capital Waterside, included the
Pierhead Building,
Crickhowell House and Site 1E, which would become the site of the new debating chamber.
All the proposals were reviewed by the Welsh Office, who rejected sites due to poor location, accommodation or cost. A shortlist of ten sites were further reviewed. These were: Capital Waterside (now known as Cardiff Waterside); Cardiff City Hall; a site next to
County Hall; Bute Square (now known as
Callaghan Square); Prospect Place; Cardiff Gate Business Park; Kingsway and the
Coal Exchange all in Cardiff, with the HTV site at
Culverhouse Cross, and the Guildhall in
Swansea
Swansea ( ; ) is a coastal City status in the United Kingdom, city and the List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, second-largest city of Wales. It forms a Principal areas of Wales, principal area, officially known as the City and County of ...
.
Davies announced on 13 March 1998 that the new National Assembly building would be in Cardiff.
He said that the Cardiff proposals were "too compelling to resist", because "in making this decision, I am mindful that Wales has invested 40 years in promoting Cardiff as our capital city."
The National Assembly building would be either in Bute Square or Capital Waterside.
The Welsh Office decided that the Capital Waterside proposal carried less risk and would cost less than the Bute Square proposal.
Capital Waterside would cost £43.9M, while Bute Square would cost £52.5M.
On 28 April 1998, Davies announced that the site of the National Assembly building would be Capital Waterside.
The site was acquired by the National Assembly from Grosvenor Waterside Investments Ltd, which was owned by
Associated British Ports.
The agreement covered extending the lease of Crickhowell House, later known as Tŷ Hywel, until 2023, renting the Pierhead Building for 15 years and purchasing Site 1E for £1, which would be where the Senedd building was built.
Design selection process
Before deciding on Capital Waterside as the site of the National Assembly, Davies announced on 13 March 1998 that an international competition would be held to select the design of the building for the debating chamber.
Royal Institute of British Architects
The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its royal charter granted in 1837, three suppl ...
(RIBA) Competitions would oversee the competition and a design panel would recommend a design to the Secretary of State for Wales.
The Design Competition Advisory Panel was made up of seven members and was chaired by
Lord Callaghan of Cardiff, the former MP for
Cardiff South and Penarth and
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister Advice (constitutional law), advises the Monarchy of the United Kingdom, sovereign on the exercise of much of the Royal prerogative ...
. The chair and four other members were appointed by Davies and the remaining two members were appointed by the RIBA. The competition was advertised in the
Official Journal of the European Communities on 13 June 1998.
Davies wanted a building "to capture the imagination of the Welsh people". The criteria of the competition were that the building should have a functional specification and a price tag of no more than £12 million including fees.
In total, 55 architects had shown interest in the project: nine came from Wales, 38 from the rest of the UK and the remaining eight from the rest of the world.
The Design Competition Advisory Panel selected 12 architects for interview in August 1998; from those a shortlist of six architects were chosen to submit concept designs; they were:
Benson & Forsyth;
Eric Parry Associates;
Niels Torp and Stride Treglown Davies;
Richard Rogers Partnership (now known as
Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners);
Itsuko Hasegawa Atelier and
Kajima Design Europe; and
MacCormac Jamieson Prichard.
Each architect submitted designs by 5 October 1998;
10 days later the Design Competition Advisory Panel met and unanimously recommended that the Richard Rogers Partnership (RRP) design should be selected.
Davies announced RRP as the scheme architects on 16 October 1998.
Richard Rogers said, "The idea was that steps rise out of the water and there is a whole public domain where people meet each other and look down on the Assembly Members."
Richard Rogers had previously designed the
Lloyd's building
The Lloyd's building (sometimes known as the Inside-Out Building) is the home of the insurance institution Lloyd's of London. It is located on the former site of East India House in Lime Street, London, Lime Street, in London's main financial d ...
in London and the
Pompidou Centre in Paris with
Renzo Piano.
11 days later, Davies resigned as Secretary of State for Wales.
It was planned that the outline design would be completed by June 1999, and the detailed design completed by February 2000. Construction of the building was due to begin in November 2000 and be completed in April 2001.
On 1 July 1999, The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Functions) Order 1999 came into effect: this transferred all powers from the
Secretary of State for Wales to the National Assembly for Wales; responsibility for the construction of the debating chamber transferred at the same time.
Cardiff Council granted
planning permission for the building on 8 November 1999, and by 26 January 2000 the National Assembly voted to progress the project to the next stage.
First phase of construction
Rhodri Morgan
Hywel Rhodri Morgan (29 September 1939 – 17 May 2017) was a Welsh Labour politician who was the First Minister of Wales and the Leader of Welsh Labour from 2000 to 2009. He was also the Senedd, Assembly Member for Cardiff West (Senedd constitu ...
AM replaced
Alun Michael AM as the First Secretary (now known as the
First Minister
A first minister is any of a variety of leaders of government cabinets. The term literally has the same meaning as "prime minister" but is typically chosen to distinguish the office-holder from a superior prime minister. Currently the title of ' ...
) of the National Assembly on 15 February 2000. On 22 March, Morgan stopped all work on the project to carry out a complete review.
The decision to stop the project was supported by a vote in the National Assembly on 6 April 2000. The review included the costs and construction risks of the new building, the timetable for the completion of the project and consideration of possible alternatives to the new building.
The review was carried out by the Assembly's Management Services Division, the Property Advisors to the Civil Estate and Symonds Group Ltd. They considered the following options: cancel the project; continue with the existing design; design a building on Site 1E; improve the existing debating chamber; construct a small chamber in the courtyard of Crickhowell House; and relocate to Cardiff City Hall.
On 21 June 2000 it was agreed that the original proposal using the RRP design should proceed.

An international competition was held to select the main contractor. It was advertised in the Official Journal of the European Community, and in December 2000
Skanska Ltd was selected as the main contractor.
Edwina Hart AM, the Minister for Finance, Local Government and Communities, approved the final project design on 18 January 2001 and by 1 March 2001, the
groundbreaking ceremony took place to mark the beginning of construction.
Six months after construction had begun and with only the
piling and a temporary road around the site having been completed,
Hart announced on 17 July 2001 that the National Assembly had terminated the contract of RRP. She said that despite the termination of the contract, the debating chamber should still be built to RRP's design.
RRP said of the project that "From the outset, RRP has advised that the project could not be built within a construction budget of £13.1M due to client changes, the political requirement to use indigenous materials at any cost and exceptional contractor changes. RRP's advice was consistently ignored. It is plainly untrue for the Finance Minister to assert that RRP underestimated the costs." Hart said she stopped the project because of the "significant underestimates in the cost plan prepared by RRP", and that RRP "had hidden costs from the Assembly".
A legal dispute then arose between RRP claiming £529,000 in fees, and the National Assembly claiming £6.85M in damages.
On 10 December 2001 RRP requested an appointment of an adjudicator from the
Construction Industry Council to resolve the issue.
The adjudication took place in February 2002, and ruled that RRP was entitled to £448,000 of its claim, while the National Assembly was not entitled to any of the damages they had claimed.
Second phase of construction
In August 2001, the National Assembly appointed Francis Graves Ltd as the project managers, to review the whole project up until the termination of the RRP contract and to propose how the project should progress in the future.
They reported that the "lines of accountability were complex and insufficiently clear", that no project costs were obtained by the National Assembly, independent of RRP, until December 2000,
and that the project "was highly susceptible to cost over runs".
The report recommended that the National Assembly appoint project managers, which they did when they appointed Schal International Management Ltd (part of
Carillion) in May 2002.
Northcroft Group Ltd were appointed as a subcontractor, responsible for cost management and they reported directly to Schal.
Schal had full responsibility to manage the main contractor and subcontractors.
Schal reported to a Project Board, who reported to the Minister for Finance, Local Government and Communities.
The Project Board was made up of National Assembly and Welsh Government officials and a representative from Schal.
The Welsh Government decided that a
design and build fixed-price contract would be used for the second phase of construction, while phase one of construction made time the important factor over cost certainty.
The overall aim was to "deliver a landmark building…to time, to an appropriate quality and within budget".
On 23 October 2002 an invitation to tender was issued through the Official Journal of the European Community.
Eight companies submitted an interest in the tender process, including Taylor Woodrow, David McLean,
Laing and Skanska,
of these only David McLean and the Taylor Woodrow Strategic Alliance Partnership with RRP as a subcontractor,
submitted tenders. David McLean's tender did not comply with the tender requirements, so the Assembly Government negotiated a fixed-price contract with Taylor Woodrow for £48.2M.
The contract was signed between Taylor Woodrow and the
First Minister
A first minister is any of a variety of leaders of government cabinets. The term literally has the same meaning as "prime minister" but is typically chosen to distinguish the office-holder from a superior prime minister. Currently the title of ' ...
on 1 July 2003 and construction began for a second time on 4 August 2003.
The
topping out ceremony took place on 25 November 2004 by the
Presiding Officer,
Dafydd Elis-Thomas
Dafydd Elis Elis-Thomas, Baron Elis-Thomas, (; 18 October 1946 – 7 February 2025) was a Welsh politician who served as the leader of Plaid Cymru from 1984 to 1991 and represented the Dwyfor Meirionnydd constituency in the Senedd from 199 ...
,
Privy Counsellor (PC), AM, which included the lifting into place of the world's largest free rotating wind driven
cowl, which was the tallest point of the building.
The cowl sits above the roof line and rotates when the wind changes direction to ventilate the debating chamber.
Construction of the Senedd building ended on 7 February 2006 when the National Assembly took control of the building.
The project was six months late, due to the National Assembly not producing a detailed specification on time.
The 10-year ICT contract, known as Merlin, was between the National Assembly and Siemens Business Services Ltd,
now known as
Siemens IT Solutions and Services.
Other subcontractors on the project included
Arup (structural engineers), BDSP Partnership and MJN Colston (services engineers),
and BCL Timber Projects (timber ceiling).
The Senedd building was opened by Queen Elizabeth II, the
Duke of Edinburgh
Duke of Edinburgh, named after the capital city of Scotland, Edinburgh, is a substantive title that has been created four times since 1726 for members of the British royal family. It does not include any territorial landholdings and does not pr ...
, the
Prince of Wales
Prince of Wales (, ; ) is a title traditionally given to the male heir apparent to the History of the English monarchy, English, and later, the British throne. The title originated with the Welsh rulers of Kingdom of Gwynedd, Gwynedd who, from ...
and the
Duchess of Cornwall
The Duchess of Cornwall is a title held by the wife of the heir apparent to the British throne. The Duchess of Cornwall is usually also the Princess of Wales, and she uses that title. The current title-holder is Catherine, Princess of Wales, Ca ...
on 1 March 2006 (
St. David's Day).
After an address by the Queen, the
Parliament of New South Wales
The Parliament of New South Wales, formally the Legislature of New South Wales, (definition of "The Legislature") is the bicameral legislative body of the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW). It consists of the Monarch, the New South Wa ...
presented a
ceremonial mace
A ceremonial mace is a highly ornamented staff of metal or wood, carried before a Head of state, sovereign or other high officials in civic ceremonies by a mace-bearer, intended to represent the official's authority. The mace, as used today, der ...
to the National Assembly to recognise the links between Wales and
New South Wales
New South Wales (commonly abbreviated as NSW) is a States and territories of Australia, state on the Eastern states of Australia, east coast of :Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria (state), Victoria to the south, and South ...
.
Addresses were later given by
John Price MP, the Deputy Speaker of the
New South Wales Legislative Assembly
The New South Wales Legislative Assembly is the lower of the two houses of the Parliament of New South Wales, an Australian state. The upper house is the New South Wales Legislative Council. Both the Assembly and Council sit at Parliament House ...
, Morgan and Elis-Thomas.
A set of
commemorative envelopes and
postmark
A postmark is a postal marking made on an envelope, parcel, postcard or the like, indicating the place, date and time that the item was delivered into the care of a postal service, or sometimes indicating where and when received or in transit. ...
s were issued by the
Royal Mail
Royal Mail Group Limited, trading as Royal Mail, is a British postal service and courier company. It is owned by International Distribution Services. It operates the brands Royal Mail (letters and parcels) and Parcelforce Worldwide (parcels) ...
to mark the opening of the Senedd building, in the form of a
souvenir sheet.
Two years after the opening ceremony in 2008, Taylor Woodrow Construction were fined £200,000 and ordered to pay costs of £71,400, after being prosecuted by the
Health and Safety Executive
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is a British public body responsible for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare. It has additionally adopted a research role into occupational risks in Great B ...
for breaching the
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 at
Cardiff Crown Court.
The breach contributed to the death of John Walsh, a foreman working for Ferson Construction Services Ltd, a subcontractor of Taylor Woodrow. The accident occurred on 14 March 2004 and was due to a cavity wall that Mr Walsh was filling, collapsing on him, even though Taylor Woodrow Construction had recognised the risks before the contract had begun. Judge Neil Bidder
QC said "No-one seriously disputes it was an unsafe construction and Ferson (Construction Services) must share blame for that construction."
Timeline of cost increases and time delays
The cost of the Senedd building increased from £12 million in 1997 to £69.6 million in 2006, an increase of 580%. In a report published in March 2008 by the
Wales Audit Office, the reason for the increase was that the original estimate of £12 million was not based on any detailed design of the final requirements of the building.
In addition, there were unforeseen security measures after the
September 11 attacks
The September 11 attacks, also known as 9/11, were four coordinated Islamist terrorist suicide attacks by al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001. Nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners, crashing the first two into ...
in the United States.
After the project was stopped in 2001, the contract for the construction of the second phase of the building used a fixed-price design and build contract, which meant a much tighter control of costs than in the first phase.
Ongoing repairs
In 2008, two years after the Senedd building had opened, the cost of repairs to the building had reached £97,709. Repairs have been for windows, doors, plumbing and electrics. A spokesman for the National Assembly said, "The repair figures are not excessive for a public building that has hundreds of thousands of visitors each year. The costs are within estimated levels and covered by existing budgets."
In 2011, the official figures show that more than £157,000 had been spent on repairing the building since it had opened, with £29,000 having been spent on electrical repairs, £25,000 on fixing doors and almost £19,000 on plumbing.
In addition, other repairs were also paid for by
Vinci Construction under the terms of the contract.
In was reported that rain water had leaked into a steel and glass staircase reserved for members and staff and in September 2008, a committee meeting was halted after water started dripping through the ceiling.
Senedd estate in Cardiff Bay
The Senedd building is part of the Senedd estate in Cardiff Bay, along with Tŷ Hywel (''Howell House'') and the
Grade 1 listed Pierhead Building.
Tŷ Hywel houses staff of the
Senedd Commission, AMs, the First Minister and other ministers.
Tŷ Hywel is named after
Hywel Dda
Hywel ap Cadell, commonly known as Hywel Dda, which translates to Howel the Good in English, was a Welsh king who ruled the southern Welsh kingdom of Deheubarth and eventually came to rule most of Wales. He became the sole king of Seisyllw ...
(''Howell the Good''), King of
Deheubarth
Deheubarth (; , thus 'the South') was a regional name for the Welsh kingdoms, realms of south Wales, particularly as opposed to kingdom of Gwynedd, Gwynedd (Latin: ''Venedotia''). It is now used as a shorthand for the various realms united under ...
in
South West Wales.
On 26 June 2008, the Prince of Wales officially opened Siambr Hywel, the then National Assembly's youth debating chamber and education centre.
It is based in the debating chamber that was used by the National Assembly between 1999 and 2006, while the Senedd building was being constructed.
Two covered link bridges connect the Senedd building to Tŷ Hywel. Construction of the link bridges began in September 2004 and they were completed by December 2005.
The Pierhead Building was opened in 1897 and designed by
William Frame.
It was originally the headquarters of the
Bute Dock Company and by 1947 it was the administrative office for the Port of Cardiff.
The building was reopened in May 2001 as 'The Assembly at the Pierhead', which was a visitor and education centre for the National Assembly.
The exhibition provided visitors with information on the National Assembly.
On 1 March 2010, the building was again reopened to the public as a Welsh history museum and exhibition.
In 2008, Elis-Thomas announced that the Pierhead Building would display the history of the Black community in
Butetown
Butetown (or ''The Docks'', ) is a district and community (Wales), community in the south of the city of Cardiff, the capital of Wales. It was originally a model housing estate built in the early 19th century by John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marqu ...
,
Cardiff Docks and
Welsh devolution
Welsh devolution is the Devolution in the United Kingdom, transfer of legislative powers for self-governance to Wales by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The current system of devolution began following the enactment of the Government of Wa ...
.
In popular culture
The Senedd building was involved in what is called the "Sex and the Senedd" controversy.
An episode of ''
Caerdydd'', the
S4C Welsh language
Welsh ( or ) is a Celtic languages, Celtic language of the Brittonic languages, Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people. Welsh is spoken natively in Wales by about 18% of the population, by some in England, and in (the Welsh c ...
television programme set in
Cardiff
Cardiff (; ) is the capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of Wales. Cardiff had a population of in and forms a Principal areas of Wales, principal area officially known as the City and County of Ca ...
, which started when the broadcast of the episode shot a sex scene was filmed in a toilet room of the Senedd, and not in a television studio.
The
National Assembly for Wales Commission, who approved filming in the Neuadd area, the corridors of the Senedd building and for one scene in the baby-changing room, were not made aware of the nature of the scene.
The ''
Doctor Who
''Doctor Who'' is a British science fiction television series broadcast by the BBC since 1963. The series, created by Sydney Newman, C. E. Webber and Donald Wilson (writer and producer), Donald Wilson, depicts the adventures of an extraterre ...
'' episode "
The Lazarus Experiment" was filmed in the Senedd building, along with the ending of "
The Almost People
"The Almost People" is the sixth episode of the Doctor Who (series 6), sixth series of the British science fiction television series ''Doctor Who'', and was first broadcast on BBC One on 28 May 2011. It is the second episode of a two-part story w ...
"
as was the
''Doctor Who'' spin-off programme ''
Torchwood'', which used the Senedd building in the episode "
Meat
Meat is animal Tissue (biology), tissue, often muscle, that is eaten as food. Humans have hunted and farmed other animals for meat since prehistory. The Neolithic Revolution allowed the domestication of vertebrates, including chickens, sheep, ...
", where
Gwen Cooper and
Rhys Williams sit on the steps of the Senedd building.
In March 2015 it emerged that the makers of ''
Spectre'', the 24th
James Bond film, had requested use of the Senedd building's debating chamber for the filming of some scenes, but that this had been declined by Senedd officials, who said the debating chamber was "not a drama studio". Several Welsh politicians, including
First Minister
A first minister is any of a variety of leaders of government cabinets. The term literally has the same meaning as "prime minister" but is typically chosen to distinguish the office-holder from a superior prime minister. Currently the title of ' ...
Carwyn Jones and
Welsh Conservatives
The Welsh Conservatives (), also known as the Welsh Conservative Party (), is the branch of the United Kingdom Conservative Party (UK), Conservative Party that operates in Wales. At United Kingdom general elections, Westminster elections, it is ...
leader
Andrew RT Davies, cited the decision as a missed opportunity that would have boosted tourism for Wales.
Nominations and awards
Building
* Nominated for the 2006
Stirling Prize awarded by the
Royal Institute of British Architects
The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its royal charter granted in 1837, three suppl ...
. The award was won by
Terminal 4, Barajas Airport, Madrid, also an RRP design.
* Nominated for the 2006
Prime Minister's Better Public Building Award.
* Listed as ''
Architects' Journal
''Architects' Journal'' is a professional architecture magazine, published monthly in London by Metropolis International. Each issue includes in-depth features on relevant current affairs, alongside profiles of recently completed buildings. Ten t ...
''s top 50 favourite buildings.
* Awarded "Excellent" certification by
BREEAM, with the highest assessment score achieved at the time by a building in Wales.
* Awarded Major Project of the Year in the 2006 Building Services Awards, organised by ''Building Sustainable Design'' and ''Electrical and Mechanical Contractor'' magazines.
* Awarded the 2006 Gold Medal winner from the
National Eisteddfod of Wales
The National Eisteddfod of Wales ( Welsh: ') is the largest of several eisteddfodau that are held annually, mostly in Wales. Its eight days of competitions and performances are considered the largest music and poetry festival in Europe. Competito ...
.
* Awarded the Slate Award in the 2006 Natural Stone Awards.
* Awarded the
British Constructional Steelwork Association's 2006 Structural Steel Design Award.
* Awarded the 2006 Excellence on the Waterfront from the Waterfront Center, in the category Commercial and Mixed Use.
*
Civic Trust Award winner in 2008.
* Awarded a
Chicago Athenaeum
The Chicago Athenaeum is a private museum of architecture and design, based in Galena, Illinois. The museum focuses on the art of design in all areas of the discipline: architecture, industrial and product design, graphics, landscape architecture ...
2007
International Architecture Awards.
Individual award
* Jeremy Williams (of
Taylor Woodrow Construction) won the Construction Manager of the Year Award in 2006 for his work on the Senedd building by the
Society of Professional Engineers.
He also won a gold medal in the New Build/Refurbishment Projects Over £25 million category.
See also
*
Politics of Wales
*
Senedd on television
*
Owain Glyndŵr's Parliament House ''(Senedd-dy Owain Glyndŵr)''
*
Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)
*
Scottish Parliament Building
The Scottish Parliament Building (; ) is the home of the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, Edinburgh, Holyrood, within the World Heritage Site, UNESCO World Heritage Site in central Edinburgh. Construction of the building commenced in June 1999 ...
*
Palace of Westminster
The Palace of Westminster is the meeting place of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is located in London, England. It is commonly called the Houses of Parliament after the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two legislative ch ...
*
City Hall, London (Newham)
City Hall, in the London Borough of Newham in east London, is the headquarters of the Greater London Authority (GLA), the regional government for Greater London. It replaced the previous City Hall, in Southwark in 2022. The building opened ...
Notes
External links
The Senedd on the National Assembly for Wales websiteThe Senedd on the Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners websiteThe Senedd on the Arup websiteThe National Assembly for Wales on the BBC websiteLive feeds from the Senedd*
{{good article
Politics of Cardiff
Economy of Cardiff
Landmarks in Cardiff
Buildings and structures in Cardiff
Government buildings in Wales
Government buildings completed in 2006
Wales
Wales ( ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by the Irish Sea to the north and west, England to the England–Wales border, east, the Bristol Channel to the south, and the Celtic ...
Senedd buildings
2006 establishments in Wales