Senator For Life (France)
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A senator for life () was an elected position under the
French Third Republic The French Third Republic (, sometimes written as ) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France durin ...
, similar to that of senator for life in other countries. At one time the
French Senate The Senate (, ) is the upper house of the French Parliament, with the lower house being the National Assembly (France), National Assembly, the two houses constituting the legislature of France. It is made up of 348 senators (''sénateurs'' and ...
was composed of 300 members, of whom 75 were ''inamovible'' ("unremovable").


History

Under the law of 24 February 1875 on the organization of the Senate, there were 300 members of whom 225 were elected by the departments and colonies, and 75 were elected by the National Assembly. The 75 were elected by list and by an absolute majority of votes, and were irremovable, like the members of the Chamber of Peers under the Bourbon Restoration and the
July Monarchy The July Monarchy (), officially the ''Kingdom of France'' (), was a liberalism, liberal constitutional monarchy in France under , starting on 9 August 1830, after the revolutionary victory of the July Revolution of 1830, and ending 26 Februar ...
. If a senator for life died or resigned, the Senate would elect a replacement within two months. By the law of 10 December 1884 appointment of immovable senators ceased and the immovable senators gradually disappeared. Émile Deshayes de Marcère, the last surviving ''sénateur inamovible'', died in 1918. Overall there were 116 lifetime senators. The first 75 had been appointed by the National Assembly and the remaining 41 by the Senate itself. Notable immovable senators included Gaston Audiffret-Pasquier, first president of the Senate; the scientist Marcellin Berthelot, who became minister of public education and then minister of foreign affairs; Monseigneur Dupanloup; Albert Grévy, the younger brother of President Jules Grévy; Louis Martel, elected President of the Senate in 1879; Philippe Le Royer, elected President of the Senate in 1882; Auguste Scheurer-Kestner, the defender of
Alfred Dreyfus Alfred Dreyfus (9 October 1859 – 12 July 1935) was a French Army officer best known for his central role in the Dreyfus affair. In 1894, Dreyfus fell victim to a judicial conspiracy that eventually sparked a major political crisis in the Fre ...
; the abolitionist
Victor Schœlcher Victor Schœlcher (; 22 July 1804 – 25 December 1893) was a French abolitionist, writer, politician and journalist, best known for his leading role in the End of slavery in France, abolition of slavery in France in 1848, during the French Secon ...
and the statesman Henri-Alexandre Wallon. In 2005, there was questioning about the status of former Presidents of the Republic. According to the constitution of the Fifth Republic, former presidents are ''de jure'' members of the Constitutional Council, which poses a problem of possible partiality. Some members of Parliament and commentators suggested that it should be replaced by a life membership in the
Senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
. This proposal was, however, not enacted.


List of life senators

The senators for life were: * Edmond Adam * Édouard Allou * Gaston Audiffret-Pasquier * Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines * Camille Bachasson de Montalivet * Numa Baragnon * Agénor Bardoux * Ferdinand Barrot * Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire * Jean Didier Baze * René Bérenger * Alfred Bertauld * Marcellin Berthelot * Jean-Baptiste Billot *
Paul Broca Pierre Paul Broca (, also , , ; 28 June 1824 – 9 July 1880) was a French physician, anatomist and anthropologist. He is best known for his research on Broca's area, a region of the frontal lobe that is named after him. Broca's area is involve ...
* Lucien Brun * Louis Buffet * Marc-Antoine Calmon * Jean-Baptiste Campenon * Joseph de Carayon Latour * Hippolyte Carnot *
Auguste Casimir-Perier Auguste Victor Laurent Casimir-Perier (20 August 1811, in Paris – 6 June 1876) was a French diplomat and political leader. He was the son of Prime Minister of France , Prime Minister Casimir Pierre Perier and the father of President of France, ...
* Jules Cazot * François de Chabaud-Latour * Bertrand de Chabron * Paul de Chadois *
Nicolas Anne ThĂ©odule Changarnier Nicolas Anne Theodule Changarnier (; 26 April 1793 – 14 February 1877), French general, was born at Autun, SaĂ´ne-et-Loire. Educated at Saint-Cyr, he served for a short time in the bodyguard of Louis XVIII, and entered the line as a lieu ...
* Antoine Chanzy * Joseph de Chareton * Charles Chesnelong * Jean-Jules Clamageran * Joseph d'Haussonville * Anthime Corbon * Alphonse Cordier * Hyacinthe Corne * Hippolyte de Cornulier-Lucinière * Ernest Courtot de Cissey * Adolphe Crémieux * Ernest Denormandie * Émile Deschanel * Émile Deshayes de Marcère * Henry Didier * Charles Dietz-Monnin * Guillaume-Ferdinand de Douhet * Eugène Duclerc *
Jules Armand Dufaure Jules Armand Stanislas Dufaure (; 4 December 1798 – 28 June 1881) was a French statesman who served 3 non-consecutive terms as Prime Minister of France. Biography Dufaure was born at Saujon, Charente-Maritime, and began his career as an adv ...
* Jean-Baptiste Dumon * Félix Dupanloup * Henri Dupuy de Lôme * Jean-Joseph Farre * Paul Foubert * Émile Fourcand * Martin Fourichon * Charles Frébault * Louis Gaulthier de Rumilly * Eugène Goüin * Théodore Grandperret * Henri Greffulhe * Henri François Xavier Gresley * Albert Grévy * Léonce Guilhaud de Lavergne * Gustave Humbert * Bernard Jauréguiberry *
Benjamin Jaurès Admiral Constant Louis Jean Benjamin Jaurès (3 February 1823 – 13 March 1889) was a French Navy officer and politician. Born in Albi, Tarn (department), Tarn, he was a Senator for life (France), senator for life and active in Japan during ...
* Charles Kolb-Bernard * Sébastien Krantz *
Léon Lalanne Léon Louis Lalanne (; real surname: Chrétien-Lalanne; 3 July 1811 – 12 March 1892) was a French engineer and politician. Life Lalanne was born in Paris on 3 July 1811, as Léon Louis Chrétien, the son of François Julien Léon Chrétien, a p ...
* Pierre Lanfrey * Roger de Larcy * Jules de Lasteyrie du Saillant * Léon Laurent-Pichat * Édouard René de Laboulaye * Oscar de La Fayette * Victor Lefranc * John Lemoinne * Alphonse Lepetit * Philippe Le Royer * Charles Letellier-Valazé *
Émile Littré Émile Maximilien Paul Littré (; 1 February 18012 June 1881) was a French lexicographer, freemason and philosopher, best known for his , commonly called . Biography Littré was born in Paris. His father, Michel-François Littré, had been a gu ...
* Hippolyte de Lorgeril * Victor Luro * Jean Macé *
Pierre-Joseph Magnin Pierre-Joseph (also Pierre Joseph) is a given name and can refer to: *Pierre-Joseph Alary, (1689–1770), French ecclesiastic and writer *Pierre-Joseph Amoreux (1741–1824) French physician and naturalist *Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre (1752 ...
* Léon de Maleville * Guillaume de Maleville * Louis Martel * Louis Raymond de Montaignac de Chauvance * Paul Morin * Jules Pajot * Charles Paul Alexandre de Pasquier de Franclieu * Eugène Pelletan * Alexandre Peyron * Ernest Picard * Ernest Poictevin de La Rochette * Louis Pierre Alexis Pothau * Edmond de Pressensé * Germain Rampont * Charles Renouard * Amable Ricard * Édouard Roger du Nord * Hervé de Saisy de Kérampuil * Edmond Henri Adolphe Schérer * Auguste Scheurer-Kestner *
Victor Schœlcher Victor Schœlcher (; 22 July 1804 – 25 December 1893) was a French abolitionist, writer, politician and journalist, best known for his leading role in the End of slavery in France, abolition of slavery in France in 1848, during the French Secon ...
* Jules Simon * Achille Testelin * Antoine Théry * Pierre Tirard * Hippolyte Clérel de Tocqueville * Bernard-Louis Calouin de Tréville * Louis Tribert * Oscar de Vallée * Étienne de Voisins-Lavernière * Henri-Alexandre Wallon * Louis Wolowski *
Charles Adolphe Wurtz Charles Adolphe Wurtz (; 26 November 181710 May 1884) was an Alsatian French chemist. He is best remembered for his decades-long advocacy for the atomic theory and for ideas about the structures of chemical compounds, against the skeptical opinio ...


References


Sources

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Further reading

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