The Second Chui Volost (Otok of Kebeks,Самаев Г. П
«ГОРНЫЙ АЛТАЙ В XVII — СЕРЕДИНЕ XIX В.: ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ИСТОРИИ И ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИЯ К РОССИИ»
. Page 169. Altan Nuur Urianghaiс.; 20 см; Page 176.
Двоеданничество в Сибири. XVII — 60-е гг. XIX вв.
/ О. В. Боронин; Алт. гос. ун-т. Каф. востоковедения, Алт. центр востоковед. исслед. — Барнаул : Азбука, 2002. — 217, [2] с.; 20 см; Page 176.) was a

state State most commonly refers to: * State (polity), a centralized political organization that regulates law and society within a territory **Sovereign state, a sovereign polity in international law, commonly referred to as a country **Nation state, a ...

with partial

sovereignty Sovereignty can generally be defined as supreme authority. Sovereignty entails hierarchy within a state as well as external autonomy for states. In any state, sovereignty is assigned to the person, body or institution that has the ultimate au ...

,Самаев Г. П. «ГОРНЫЙ АЛТАЙ В XVII — СЕРЕДИНЕ XIX В.: ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ИСТОРИИ И ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИЯ К РОССИИ». Page 198.
/ref> that existed on the territory of the modern

Kosh-Agachsky District Kosh-Agachsky District (; , ''Koş-Agaş aymak''; , ''Qosağaş audany'') is an administrativeLaw #101-RZ and municipalLaw #10-RZ district (raion), one of the ten in the Altai Republic, Russia. It is located in the south and southeast of the repu ...

of the

Altai Republic The Altai Republic, also known as the Gorno-Altai Republic, is a republic of Russia located in southern Siberia. The republic borders Kemerovo Oblast to the north, Khakassia to the northeast, Tuva to the east, Altai Krai to the west, as well ...

. In 1865, it became a

volost Volost (; ; ) was a traditional administrative subdivision in Kievan Rus', the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and the Russian Empire. History The '' Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary'' (1890–1907) states that the origins of the concept is unc ...

of the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

and subsequently a district of modern Russia.Административно-территориальное деление Горного Алтая. Сборник архивных документов 1917 – 2016 гг. – Барнаул, 2016. Page 12.
/ref> Most of its territory was inhabited by the

Telengits Telengits or Telengut () are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia that are recognized as one of the minor indigenous peoples of Russia. They mainly live in the Kosh-Agachsky District of the federal Altai Republic. History Chinese c ...

, also known as Altaians-, who were tributaries to the

(before 1721, to the

Tsardom of Russia The Tsardom of Russia, also known as the Tsardom of Moscow, was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of tsar by Ivan the Terrible, Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721. ...

) and the

Qing Empire The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...

(before 1755, to the

Dzungar Khanate The Dzungar Khanate ( Mongolian: ), also known as the Zunghar Khanate or Junggar Khanate, was an Inner Asian khanate of Oirat Mongol origin. At its greatest extent, it covered an area from southern Siberia in the north to present-day Kyrgyz ...

).с.; 20 см; Page 182-185.
Двоеданничество в Сибири. XVII — 60-е гг. XIX вв.
/ О. В. Боронин; Алт. гос. ун-т. Каф. востоковедения, Алт. центр востоковед. исслед. — Барнаул : Азбука, 2002. — 217, [2] с.; 20 см; Page 182-185. It was traditionally ruled by Zaisans of the Ak-Kebek dynasty.Швецов С.П. Горный Алтай и его население… Page 103.
/ref>

History

In 1687, during a

military campaign A military campaign is large-scale long-duration significant military strategy plan incorporating a series of interrelated military operations or battles forming a distinct part of a larger conflict often called a war. The term derives from th ...

, Kebegesh, the son of Kayrakan-Yarynak, came to the territory of the

Altai Mountains The Altai Mountains (), also spelled Altay Mountains, are a mountain range in Central Asia, Central and East Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan converge, and where the rivers Irtysh and Ob River, Ob have their headwaters. The ...

. The Ak-Kebek dynasty descended from Kebegesh. He created the Telengit otok, which he headed himself. This state was inhabited by people who did not accept Russian citizenship, but recognized their dependence on the Qing Empire.Самаев Г. П. «ГОРНЫЙ АЛТАЙ В XVII — СЕРЕДИНЕ XIX В.: ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ИСТОРИИ И ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИЯ К РОССИИ». Page 173.
/ref>

Influence of the Qing Empire

During the Third Oirat-Manchurian War on the territory of Altai also began to attack the Qing warriors. Unable to defend themselves, most of the

Altaians The Altai people (, ), also the Altaians (, ), are a Turkic peoples, Turkic ethnic group of indigenous peoples of Siberia mainly living in the Altai Republic, Russia. Several thousand of the Altaians also live in Mongolia (Altai Mountains) and C ...

accepted Russian citizenship,с.; 20 см; ISBN 5-93957-028-3 Page 169.
Двоеданничество в Сибири. XVII — 60-е гг. XIX вв.
/ О. В. Боронин; Алт. гос. ун-т. Каф. востоковедения, Алт. центр востоковед. исслед. — Барнаул : Азбука, 2002. — 217, [2] с.; 20 см; ISBN 5-93957-028-3 Page 169. meanwhile, the Zaisan of the Second Chui Volost Yarynak and the Zaisan of the First Chui Volost Telebek began to pay taxes to China. For this, the emperor officially recognized the authority of the Teles in the first otok (in the First Chui Volost), and the Ak-Kebeks in the second, equating each of the two zaisans with an official of the third rank, and later bestowed on each the title of "Ukherida".с.; 20 см; Page 181.
Двоеданничество в Сибири. XVII — 60-е гг. XIX вв.
/ О. В. Боронин; Алт. гос. ун-т. Каф. востоковедения, Алт. центр востоковед. исслед. — Барнаул : Азбука, 2002. — 217, [2] с.; 20 см; Page 181.

Obligations to Russia and China

In the 1750s, the Second Chui Volost fell into a situation in which the residents of otok had to pay taxes to two states.Этнография Алтая и сопредельных территорий... Page 42.
/ref> This situation made it possible to maneuver between the two empires and maintain limited sovereignty. In favor of the

, the Chui Telengites paid annual taxes. In 1757, eight Qing ambassadors arrived in the Second Chui Volost for the first time, who collected yasak at the rate of one sable per person. Later yasak for an adult male was equal to 2 skins of sable and 60 skins of squirrels.Потапов, Леонид Павлович - Очерки по истории алтайцев. Page 182.
/ref> Children and the elderly were exempt from paying alman.с.; 20 см; Page 182.
Двоеданничество в Сибири. XVII — 60-е гг. XIX вв.
/ О. В. Боронин; Алт. гос. ун-т. Каф. востоковедения, Алт. центр востоковед. исслед. — Барнаул : Азбука, 2002. — 217, [2] с.; 20 см; Page 182. Telengits for

the Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

were obliged to pay yasak, as well as to protect the property of travelers who studied their region, in rare cases to provide Russian officials with horses. The had no other duties towards Russia.Радлов В. �
Сибири…
Page 127. Also, the Russian Empire did not interfere in the management of the Second Chui Volost, which was recorded in the "Charter on the Management of Foreigners" of 1822. Because of this, the Zaisans of The Second Chui Volost had great authority among the Zaisans of the Altai dyuchins and loyal subjects of Russia Altaians.с.; 20 см; Page 187.
Двоеданничество в Сибири. XVII — 60-е гг. XIX вв.
/ О. В. Боронин; Алт. гос. ун-т. Каф. востоковедения, Алт. центр востоковед. исслед. — Барнаул : Азбука, 2002. — 217, [2] с.; 20 см; Page 187. China-Russia border - protocol of Chuguchak 1864

China-Russia border - protocol of Chuguchak 1864

Joining the Russian Empire

A turning point in the history of the Second Chui Volost was a visit to

Kosh-Agach Kosh-Agach (; , ''Koş-Agaş''; , ''Qosağaş'') is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Kosh-Agachsky District of the Altai Republic, Russia. Population: Geography Climate According to the Köppen Climate Classification, ...

Tomsk Tomsk (, ) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast in Russia, on the Tom (river), Tom River. Population: Founded in 1604, Tomsk is one of the oldest cities in Siberia. It has six univers ...

Governor A governor is an politician, administrative leader and head of a polity or Region#Political regions, political region, in some cases, such as governor-general, governors-general, as the head of a state's official representative. Depending on the ...

Herman Gustavovich Lerche, which took place in the summer of 1864. The governor agitated local residents about joining Russia. And already of the year The Second Chui Volost headed by zaisan Chichkan TesegeshevПриветственная речь Ивана Белекова
/ref> is part of the Russian Empire.Самаев Г. П. «ГОРНЫЙ АЛТАЙ В XVII — СЕРЕДИНЕ XIX В.: ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ИСТОРИИ И ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИЯ К РОССИИ». Page 171.
/ref>

Abolition of the volost

According to the Journal of the General Presence of the Tomsk Provincial Administration No. 1164 dated 06/27 (14)/1913, the Second Chui Volost was divided into Kosh-Agach volost and Kirghiz volost. The dissolution also affected seven Altai dyuchins and the First Chui Volost

Geography

Vasily Radlov Vasily Vasilievich Radlov or Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (; in Berlin – 12 May 1918 in Petrograd) was a German-Russian linguist, ethnographer, and archaeologist, often considered to be the founder of Turkology, the scientific study of Turki ...

wrote that the Telengit nomads began above the confluence of the Yodro River with the

Chuya The Chuya (; , ''Çuy'') is a river in the Altai Republic in Russia, a right tributary of the Katun ( Ob's basin). The Chuya is long, and its drainage basin covers . The river freezes in October or early November and thaws in late April. The t ...

. A large number of Dvoedans roamed the territory of the Kurai steppe. In the

Chuya Steppe The Chuya Steppe () in the Siberian Altai Mountains is a depression formed by tectonic movement of major faults in the Earth's crust. Its name comes from the large river which runs through the steppe, the Chuya River. Major settlements Kosh-A ...

, they roamed in the northwestern part of it.Радлов В. В. Из Сибири… Page 33-39.
/ref>

The State border

Pyotr Chikhachyov Pyotr Alexandrovich Chikhachyov, last name also spelled Chikhachev or Tchihatchev (; 23 December 1808 – 13 October 1890) was a Russian naturalist and geologist who was admitted into the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1876 as an honorary member ...

wrote, a roughly sketched pile of stones, skulls and horns of wild sheep served as the border between the Dvoedans and

Tuvans The Tuvans (from Russian ) or Tyvans (from Tuvan ) are a Turkic ethnic group indigenous to Siberia that live in Tuva, Mongolia, and China. They speak the Tuvan language, a Siberian Turkic language. In Mongolia, they are regarded as one ...

. All the border guard posts were occupied by Mongol soldiers, who had the only weapon - a bow and arrow, and only some had rough-made guns.Чихачев, Петр Александрович - Путешествие в Восточный Алтай.
/ref>

Government structure

Administrative division

Otok was divided into , and at the head of each was one , representing one of the numerous

clans A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent. Even if lineage details are unknown, a clan may claim descent from a founding member or apical ancestor who serves as a symbol of the clan's unity. Many societie ...

.Швецов С.П. Горный Алтай и его население… Page 231.
/ref> In 1897, there were 4 demichi in the Second Chuya Volost from the following families: Mool, Kipchak, Ak-Kebek and Sagal.�атериалы великих русских исследователей об Алтае/ �ост. Б. Я. Бедюров Page 353.
За Алтаем Алтай [материалы великих русских исследователей об Алтае] / [сост. Б. Я. Бедюров]. Page 353.
/ref>

Government positions

The head of the otok was a Zaisan or

Prince A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ''Prince'' is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary, in some European states. The ...

. He was a representative of the House of Ak-Kebek, whose power was passed down from his father. The entire territory of otok was owned by Zaisan, even after becoming part of RussiaАлтай - сокровище культуры. – М., 2004. Стр. 194.
/ref> and paid him about 50 or 100 rubles a year.Е. Шмурло - Описание пути между Алтайскою станицею и Кош-Агачем в Южном Алтае, 1898. Page 42.
/ref> The prince had a servant under his command, Kodichi, who was obliged to follow zaisan everywhere. The following officials were subordinate to him:Швецов С.П. Горный Алтай и его население… Page 231.
/ref> The seal of demichi from the House of Ak-Kebek

The seal of demichi from the House of Ak-Kebek

*Demichi is responsible for one of the administrative divisions of the volost. *Boshko *Kyundi�атериалы великих русских исследователей об Алтае/ �ост. Б. Я. Бедюров Page 353.
За Алтаем Алтай [материалы великих русских исследователей об Алтае] / [сост. Б. Я. Бедюров]. Page 353.
/ref> - kept order in the volost.

Population

Demographics

Telengityi-v-Taldure-1897-Fotografiya-Sapozhnikova

In 1826,

Alexander von Bunge Alexander Georg von Bunge (; – ) was a Russian botanist. He is best remembered for scientific expeditions into Asia and especially Siberia. Early life and education Bunge was born under the name Alexander Andreevič von Bunge on in Kyiv as ...

visited the Second Chui Volost, and he noted that the local population is two thousand people.Ледебур К. Ф., Бунге А. А., Мейер К. А. Путешествие по Алтайским горам… Page 196.
/ref>

, who visited the dvoedants in the 1860s, said that there were from two to three thousand people.Радлов В. В. Из Сибири… Page 95.
/ref> The Altai spiritual mission counted two thousand Telengits in the Volost. No one kept statistical records of the population in the Second Chui Volost until the end of the 19th century. By the end of the 19th century, the population was 1,645 people.Швецов С.П. Горный Алтай и его население… Page 229.
/ref>с.; 20 см; Page 179.
Двоеданничество в Сибири. XVII — 60-е гг. XIX вв.
/ О. В. Боронин; Алт. гос. ун-т. Каф. востоковедения, Алт. центр востоковед. исслед. — Барнаул : Азбука, 2002. — 217, [2] с.; 20 см; Page 179. In 1911, according to the "List of populated places of Tomsk province", 3,104 people lived in the Second Chui Volost.Список населенных мест Томской губернии на 1911 год. — Томск : Издание Томского губернского статистического комитета, 1911. Page 332.
/ref>

Ethnic groups

are a Turkic ethnic group that made up the majority of the population of the Second Chui Volost. *

Russian serfs Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...

who fled to the border with China. The government of the Second Chui Volost never extradited serfs to Russia. The fugitives on Chuya established their settlements and could freely trade with the Telengites, which was very profitable.с.; 20 см; Page 186.
Двоеданничество в Сибири. XVII — 60-е гг. XIX вв.
/ О. В. Боронин; Алт. гос. ун-т. Каф. востоковедения, Алт. центр востоковед. исслед. — Барнаул : Азбука, 2002. — 217, [2] с.; 20 см; Page 186. *

is a Turkic ethnic group that has long been at odds with the inhabitants of the Second Chuya Volost, which is even reflected in folk legends. In the 1880s, a family from Tuva fled to the Second Chui Volost, which was accepted as a subject by Prince Ochurdyap Mangdaev and allocated them to the family clan Kara-Kebeks. * SB - Inside a Kazakh yurt

is a Turkic ethnic group that appeared in the Second Chui Volost for the first time in 1870-1880. Kazakhs from the Koljibayev (Sarykaldakov) family, who were cramped in their native lands in the Chingistai and Archety tracts, were among the first to migrate to Altai.Е. Шмурло - Описание пути между Алтайскою станицею и Кош-Агачем в Южном Алтае, 1898. Page 42.
/ref> They were accepted into the Second Chuya Volost by Prince Ochurdyap Mangdaev.Алтай - сокровище культуры. – М., 2004. Page 194.
/ref> He assigned them lands to live in, these were the valleys of the Tarkhata, Yasater and Chaganburgazy rivers. For this, the Koljibayevs (Sarykaldakovs) paid Zaisan 50-100 rubles a year.Е. Шмурло - Описание пути между Алтайскою станицею и Кош-Агачем в Южном Алтае, 1898. Page 42.
/ref> In 1893, about 100 caravans of Kazakhs of the Chingistai family migrated to Chuya. However, these Kazakhs behaved very aggressively in Chuya - they stole cattle, ravaged and seized the nomads of the indigenous population. In 1894, the Russian authorities expelled most of the Kazakhs from the Altai Mountains.Kazakhs.
/ref> But some of them managed to stay in the Second Chui Volost. In 1913, the Second Chui Volos was abolished, and in its place appeared Kosh-Agach volost and a special Kirghiz volost for Kazakhs, which was formed in the Yustyt tract.Kirghiz volost.
/ref>

Self-designation

Locals called themselves "Chui-ulus", since they lived in the valley of the Chuya River.

Economy

Trade in Chuya

Trade in Chuya was an economic activity aimed at the purchase and sale of goods from the First and Second Chui Volosts and merchants from Russia, China and Tuva. Trade was carried out on the territory of the Second Chui Volost, and

was built up with warehouses of Russian merchants. Thanks to the active trade in Chuya, the Chuisky tract appeared.с.; 20 см; Page 176.
Двоеданничество в Сибири. XVII — 60-е гг. XIX вв.
/ О. В. Боронин; Алт. гос. ун-т. Каф. востоковедения, Алт. центр востоковед. исслед. — Барнаул : Азбука, 2002. — 217, [2] с.; 20 см; Page 176. Trade with China began thanks to the annual religious processions of the Derbets and the Mongol army. Cross-border trade between Russia and China was prohibited until the 1860s, but residents of the Second Chui Volost could freely trade with China and Russia.с.; 20 см; Page 190.
Двоеданничество в Сибири. XVII — 60-е гг. XIX вв.
/ О. В. Боронин; Алт. гос. ун-т. Каф. востоковедения, Алт. центр востоковед. исслед. — Барнаул : Азбука, 2002. — 217, [2] с.; 20 см; Page 190. Russian merchants have been trading with Second Chui Volost since the middle of the 18th century, making huge profits from trading with the residents of Chuya.с.; 20 см; Page 176.
Двоеданничество в Сибири. XVII — 60-е гг. XIX вв.
/ О. В. Боронин; Алт. гос. ун-т. Каф. востоковедения, Алт. центр востоковед. исслед. — Барнаул : Азбука, 2002. — 217, [2] с.; 20 см; Page 176.

Animal husbandry

China has had a huge impact on many areas of otok's life, such as animal husbandry. In addition to traditional Telengit breeding, sheep, goats, cows and horses were also bred by local residents, which the Russians called "Chinese cows".с.; 20 см; Page 188.
Двоеданничество в Сибири. XVII — 60-е гг. XIX вв.
/ О. В. Боронин; Алт. гос. ун-т. Каф. востоковедения, Алт. центр востоковед. исслед. — Барнаул : Азбука, 2002. — 217, [2] с.; 20 см; Page 188.

Culture

Music

In the Second Chui Volost, both ordinary singers () and throat singers () were popular.''"Живая старина" выпуск III и IV, 1896 год, А. Калачев "Поездка в теленгетам на Алтай"''. Page 485.

References

External links

{{Improve categories, date=December 2023 Former countries in Chinese history 1717 establishments 1865 disestablishments