Scutellaria Antirrhinoides

''Scutellaria'' is a genus of flowering plants in the Mentha, mint family, Lamiaceae. They are known commonly as skullcaps. The generic name is derived from the Latin ''scutella'', meaning "a small dish, tray or platter",''Scutellaria parvula'' var. ''missouriensis''.
Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium. University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point. or "little dish", referring to the shape of the Sepal, calyx. The common name alludes to the resemblance of the same structure to "miniature Cervelliere, medieval helmets". The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, subcosmopolitan distribution,Ulloa, C. U. and P. M. Jørgensen
''Scutellaria''.
''Árboles y arbustos de los Andes del Ecuador''. eFloras. with species occurring nearly worldwide, mainly in Temperate climate, temperate regions.''Scutellaria''.
The Jepson eFlora 2013.

Description

Most Scutellaria are Annual plant, annual or Perennial plant, perennial herbaceous plants from tall, however a few are subshrubs. Some Scutellaria are Aquatic plant, aquatic. Scutellaria have four-angled stems and opposite leaf, leaves, and flowers with upper and lower lips. The genus is most easily recognized by the typical shield on the calyx that has also prompted its common name.

Traditional use

Skullcaps are used in traditional medicine, such as in traditional Chinese medicine. The root of ''Scutellaria baicalensis'' a common component of many preparations is marketed in volumes that have led to the overexploitation of the wild plant. Its rarity has led to an increase in price, and encouraged the adulteration of the product with other species of ''Scutellaria''.

In 1773, ''Scutellaria lateriflora'' became a common treatment in North America for the hysteria and hydrophobia caused by rabies. Today it is still a popular medicinal herb. It is widely available as a commercial product used in western herbalism. The plant reportedly commands prices of $16 to $64 per pound dry weight.

Constituents

The main compounds in skullcap are flavonoids. Isolated chemical compounds include wogonin, wogonoside, and 3,5,7,2',6'-pentahydroxyl flavanone found in ''Scutellaria''. Other constituents include baicalin, apigenin, oroxylin A, and scutellarein.

Selected species

Estimates of the number of species in the genus range from around 300 to about 350''Scutellaria''.
Flora of China. or 360 to 470.

Selected species include:

*''Scutellaria alabamensis'' – Alabama skullcap
*''Scutellaria albida''
*''Scutellaria alborosea'' Charles Antoine Lemaire, Lem.
*''Scutellaria alpina'' Carl Linnaeus, L. – alpine skullcap
*''Scutellaria altamaha'' – pineland skullcap
*''Scutellaria altissima'' L. – Somerset skullcap, tall skullcap
*''Scutellaria amoena''
*''Scutellaria anatolica''
*''Scutellaria angustifolia'' – narrowleaf skullcap
*''Scutellaria antirrhinoides'' George Bentham, Benth. – nose skullcap
*''Scutellaria arenicola'' – Florida scrub skullcap
*''Scutellaria arguta'' – Blue Ridge skullcap
*''Scutellaria atriplicifolia''
*''Scutellaria aurata''
*''Scutellaria baicalensis'' Georgi – Baikal skullcap, Chinese skullcap
*''Scutellaria barbata'' D.Don – barbed skullcap
*''Scutellaria bolanderi'' Asa Gray, A.Gray – Sierra skullcap
*''Scutellaria brachyspica''
*''Scutellaria brittonii'' – Britton's skullcap
*''Scutellaria bushii'' – Bush's skullcap
*''Scutellaria caerulea'' – blue skullcap
*''Scutellaria californica'' A.Gray – California skullcap
*''Scutellaria cardiophylla'' – gulf skullcap
*''Scutellaria columnae''
*''Scutellaria costaricana'' Hermann Wendland, H.Wendl. – scarlet skullcap, Costa Rican skullcap
*''Scutellaria drummondii'' – Drummond's skullcap
*''Scutellaria elliptica'' Muhl. – hairy skullcap
*''Scutellaria floridana'' Chapm. – Florida skullcap
*''Scutellaria formosana''
*''Scutellaria galericulata'' L. – common skullcap, marsh skullcap
*''Scutellaria glabriuscula'' – Georgia skullcap
*''Scutellaria hastifolia'' – spear-leaved skullcap
*''Scutellaria havanensis'' – Havana skullcap
*''Scutellaria hirta''
*''Scutellaria hookeri''
*''Scutellaria humilis''
*''Scutellaria incana'' Biehler – downy skullcap, hoary skullcap
*''Scutellaria incarnata'' Vent.
*''Scutellaria indica'' L.
*''Scutellaria integrifolia'' L. – helmet flower
*''Scutellaria laevis'' – Culberson County skullcap
*''Scutellaria lateriflora'' L. – blue skullcap, Virginian skullcap
*''Scutellaria longifolia'' Benth.
*''Scutellaria longituba''
*''Scutellaria meehanioides''
*''Scutellaria mexicana''
*''Scutellaria microphylla'' – littleleaf skullcap
*''Scutellaria minor'' Huds. – lesser skullcap
*''Scutellaria montana'' Chapm. – mountain skullcap, large-flowered skullcap
*''Scutellaria multiglandulosa'' – Small's skullcap
*''Scutellaria muriculata'' – Rio Grande skullcap
*''Scutellaria nana'' A.Gray – dwarf skullcap
*''Scutellaria nervosa'' – veiny skullcap
*''Scutellaria novae-zelandaie''
*''Scutellaria ocmulgee'' – Ocmulgee skullcap
*''Scutellaria orientalis''
*''Scutellaria ovata'' Hill – heart-leaved skullcap
*''Scutellaria parvula'' Michx. – small skullcap
*''Scutellaria pekinensis''
*''Scutellaria potosina'' – Mexican skullcap
*''Scutellaria pseudoserrata'' – falseteeth skullcap
*''Scutellaria purpurascens''
*''Scutellaria racemosa'' – South American skullcap
*''Scutellaria rehderiana''
*''Scutellaria resinosa'' Torr. – sticky skullcap
*''Scutellaria rubicunda''
*''Scutellaria sapphirina'' – White Pine skullcap
*''Scutellaria sarmentosa''
*''Scutellaria saxatilis'' – smooth rock skullcap
*''Scutellaria serboana''
*''Scutellaria serrata'' – showy skullcap
*''Scutellaria siphocampyloides'' – grayleaf skullcap
*''Scutellaria splendens''
*''Scutellaria strigillosa''
*''Scutellaria suffrutescens''
*''Scutellaria texana'' – Texas skullcap
*''Scutellaria thieretii'' – Thieret's skullcap
*''Scutellaria tuberosa'' Benth. – Danny's skullcap
*''Scutellaria utriculata''
*''Scutellaria ventenatii''
*''Scutellaria violacea''
*''Scutellaria viscidula''
*''Scutellaria wrightii'' – Wright's skullcap

See also

*''Piper methysticum''
*''Valeriana officinalis'' (valerian (herb), valerian)
*''Chaenomeles speciosa''

References

External links

*
*
*
''Scutellaria'' images.
MorphBank.

{{Authority control

Scutellaria,
Lamiaceae genera
Medicinal plants
Anxiolytics
Dopamine reuptake inhibitors
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus