scrub pine

''Pinus virginiana'', the Virginia pine, scrub pine, Jersey pine, possum pine, is a medium-sized tree, often found on poorer soils from Long Island in southern New York south through the Appalachian Mountains to western Tennessee and Alabama. The usual size range for this pine is 18–59 feet, but can grow larger under optimum conditions. The trunk can be as large as 20 inches diameter. This tree prefers well-drained loam or clay, but will also grow on very poor, sandy soil, where it remains small and stunted. The typical life span is 65 to 90 years.

The short (4–8 cm), yellow-green needles are paired in fascicles and are often twisted. Pinecones are 4–7 cm long and may persist on the tree for many years, often (though not always) releasing their seeds in the second year. In growth habit, some trees may be inclined with twisted trunks.

This pine is useful for reforesting and provides nourishment for wildlife. Its other main use is on Christmas tree farms, despite having sharp-tipped needles and yellowish winter color. It also can provide wood pulp and lumber. Like some other southern yellow pines, Virginia pine lumber case hardens. That is, it becomes very hard over time during wood drying. Wood from Virginia pine is not normally considered to resist rot unless treated with preservatives.

Description

''Pinus virginiana'' is endemic to the United States and can be identified by a key characteristic; the relatively short needles are twisted and come in bunches of two. The needles are typically two to eight centimeters in length. There is hair on the bracts and on the bud scales of the ''P. virginiana''. The leaf sheath of the ''P. virginiana'' is greater than 2.5 millimeters long. The cones of the ''P. virginiana'' only open after they are mature. The branches of the ''Pinus virginiana'' are flexible. They will bend when pressure is added to them. ''Pinus virginiana'' are between 9 and 18 meters tall. The bark of ''P. virginiana'' is red and brown in color, and also has the tendency to be rough with relatively small bark scales. The pollen cones are circular, almost elliptical and are 10–20 millimeters in size. They are the same color as the bark, typically. Seed cones are spread throughout the tree. The mature seed cones (4–7 cm) are much larger than the pollen cones. The ''P. virginiana'' prefers to grow in poor soils and dry loam or clay. They can grow on sandy soil, but this usually causes the tree to be smaller than the average ''P. virginiana''.

Taxonomy

''Pinus virginiana'' is in the family Pinaceae and the order Pinales. A molecular phylogeny indicates that the sister taxa to ''Pinus virginiana'' are ''Pinus clausa'', ''Pinus contorta'', and '' Pinus banksiana''. ''Pinus banksiana'' has shorter needles than ''P. viginiana'' at 2–3.5 centimeters in length, whereas ''P. virginiana'' is 2–8 centimeters in length. ''P. banksiana'' needles are not twisted, but curved, and has cones that are serotinous and unarmed. The leaf sheaths in ''P. banksiana'' are less than 2.5 millimeters long. In ''P. virginiana'' the needles are twisted and straight. The cones open at maturity, are not serotinous and the scales on the cones have prominent prickles. The sheaths of the ''P. virginiana'' are greater than 2.5 millimeters long. ''Pinus clausa'' has larger needles than the ''P. virginiana.'' The ''Pinus clausa'' has needles that are between 5 and 13 centimeters long, ''P. virginiana'' has needles that range between 2 and 8 centimeters long. ''Pinus clausa'' is also serotinous. Lastly, ''Pinus virginiana'' and ''Pinus contorta'' are distributed differently: ''Pinus virginiana'' are found on the eastern side of the United States, whereas ''Pinus contorta'' are found on the western side. A similarity between ''Pinus virginiana'' and ''Pinus contorta'' is that the needles of both species are twisted.

Distribution and habitat

''Pinus virginiana'' inhabit dry forested areas. The tree occurs in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Indiana, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware. In locations where the ''P. virginiana'' lives, rainfall is typically between 890 and 1400 millimeters. The average temperatures in the summer are between 21–24 degrees Celsius and in the winter it is around −4 to 4 degrees Celsius. ''Pinus virginiana'' is poorly adapted to fire, but if the tree is larger they are able to survive. Open growth Virginia pines may begin cone production at only 5 years old. There have been documented cases of trees as young as 18 months beginning to flower. Virginia pine is monecious and some self-pollination is possible, but a significant seed crop requires two trees. Cones take two complete growing seasons to develop. Pollination takes place 13 months after cone formation begins, and dispersal occurs the following autumn. Unlike some other pines, Virginia pine produces cones in all parts of the canopy.
''Pinus virginiana'' is reportedly naturalized in southern Ontario

Ethnobotany

Cherokee Native Americans used ''P. virginiana'' medicinally for a variety of purposes. Diarrhea, stiffness of the body, colds, fevers, hemorrhoids, tuberculosis, and constipation, among others, are all ailments treated with parts of the tree. Cherokee also used it in certain cultural rituals. In burial, ''P. virginiana'' branches were burned and the ashes were used for a fire in their homes. Ball players would consume apple juice infused with ''P. virginiana'' needles "for wind" prior to events. Root infusions from the plant may be used as a stimulant and the needles as a soap.

Etymology

The etymology of the ''Pinus virginiana'' is as follows: ''Pinus'' is Latin for Pine and ''virginiana'' means of Virginia.

Uses

''Pinus virginiana'' was used historically as mine timbers, for railroad ties, and for fuel and tar. Currently, it is being planted as in reclamation sites for coal mining operations. ''Pinus virginiana'' can also be used for wood pulp, which is used to make paper, and for lumber. The wood weighs 32 pounds (14 kg) per foot.

Conservation

On the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the ''Pinus virginiana'' is considered a species that is of least concern. It is a species of least concern due to relative commonness as an early successional species. In areas of abandoned farmland in the eastern US, ''P. virginiana'' tends to be common.

Gallery

Image:Scrub Pine Pinus virginiana Cone Closeup 2000px.jpg, Cone closeup
Image:Pinus virginiana Scrub Pine Branch 3200px.jpg, Cone and needles
Image:Scrub Pine Pinus virginiana Trunk Bark 2000px.jpg, Bark
Image:Scrub Pine Pinus virginiana 3264px.jpg, Bark closeup
Image:2013-05-10 10 32 15 Virginia Pine new growth and pollen cones along the Mount Misery Trail in Brendan T. Byrne State Forest, New Jersey.jpg, New growth and pollen cones

See also

* Central Appalachian dry oak–pine forest

References

External links

Flora of North America, Profile and map: ''Pinus virginiana''

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virginiana
Endemic flora of the United States
Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
Trees of Northern America

Garden plants of North America
Plants used in bonsai
Ornamental trees
Taxa named by Philip Miller
Flora of the Northeastern United States
Flora of the Southeastern United States