Alan Scott LeDoux (January 7, 1949 – August 11, 2011) was a politician, professional
heavyweight
Heavyweight is a weight class in combat sports and professional wrestling.
Boxing Professional
Male boxers who weigh over are considered heavyweights by 2 of the 4 major professional boxing organizations: the International Boxing Federation an ...
boxer, professional wrestler, and referee.
Career
Boxing
LeDoux began his professional boxing career in 1974. His first boxing match was a
knockout
A knockout (abbreviated to KO or K.O.) is a fight-ending, winning criterion in several full-contact combat sports, such as boxing, kickboxing, Muay Thai, mixed martial arts, karate, some forms of taekwondo and other sports involving striking, ...
victory over Arthur Pullens. LeDoux's final bout in 1983 was a
technical knockout loss to
Frank Bruno. LeDoux retired from the ring with a record of 33-13-4 (including 22 knockouts). LeDoux's opponents included
Larry Holmes,
George Foreman
George Edward Foreman (January 10, 1949 – March 21, 2025) was an American professional boxer, businessman, minister, and author. In boxing, he competed between 1967 and 1997, and was nicknamed "Big George". He was a two-time world heavyweig ...
,
Ken Norton,
Ron Lyle,
Gerrie Coetzee,
Leon Spinks,
Greg Page, Frank Bruno, and
Mike Weaver.
In his match with Leon Spinks, LeDoux earned a 'draw', just months before Spinks defeated Ali. He also knocked off broadcaster
Howard Cosell's toupee in a scuffle that followed a losing effort with Johnny Boudreaux. LeDoux insisted
the fight was fixed by
Don King and he told Cosell to "Tell it like it is" mimicking Cosell's famous catch phrase. A pushing match ensued and in the process, Cosell's headset along with his toupee was dislodged by an errant LeDoux shove in front of live ABC cameras. Cosell quickly retrieved his hairpiece from the floor and replaced it on top of his head.
On April 22, 1976, LeDoux lost to fellow Minnesotan
Duane Bobick before a crowd of 13,789 at the Metropolitan Sports Center in Bloomington, MN, which is still a Minnesota record.
[https://boxrec.com/en/box-pro/8624] The high point of LeDoux's career were arguably draws scored against Leon Spinks and an aging Ken Norton. Norton won the first eight rounds of the fight, but tired. Although Norton was knocked out in round ten, there was confusion as to whether the ref had signaled the fight over so the match was declared a draw.
LeDoux took part in a five round exhibition match with
Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali (; born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American professional boxer and social activist. A global cultural icon, widely known by the nickname "The Greatest", he is often regarded as the gr ...
and was a sparring partner to both
Mike Tyson and
Lennox Lewis. LeDoux later worked as a ringside commentator for
ESPN
ESPN (an initialism of their original name, which was the Entertainment and Sports Programming Network) is an American international basic cable sports channel owned by the Walt Disney Company (80% and operational control) and Hearst Commu ...
.
In 2010, LeDoux was elected a member of the inaugural class of inductees to the
Minnesota Boxing Hall of Fame.
Wrestling
In 1986 LeDoux went into professional wrestling as a referee for the
American Wrestling Association. He would feud with
Larry Zbyszko in 1986 and 1987 in boxing and wrestling matches.
Politics
LeDoux was elected to the
Anoka County, Minnesota Board of County Commissioners["Former prize fighter Scott LeDoux upends incumbent Anoka County Commissioner Dave McCauley"](_blank)
''Former prize fighter Scott LeDoux upends incumbent Anoka County Commissioner Dave McCauley''. Retrieved January 27, 2007. and re-elected in 2008, defeating challenger Becky Fink.
["County board incumbents re-elected"](_blank)
''County board incumbents re-elected''. Retrieved January 27, 2007. In 2006, the Minnesota Legislature authorized the creation of a state Boxing Commission, the Minnesota Board of Boxing having gone out of existence in 2001 with the retirement of longtime Boxing Commissioner and Executive Secretary
Jimmy O'Hara (LeDoux and O'Hara had served together on the Minnesota Board of Boxing for 18 years). LeDoux was appointed boxing commissioner by the state Governor
Tim Pawlenty. In August 2006 LeDoux was also named Executive Director of the Minnesota Combative Sports Commission.
Controversy
* In 2007, the Chief Executive of the
Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe, Melanie Benjamin, objected to LeDoux's public criticism of her band and their boxing matches at the Grand Casino Hinckley Casino in
Hinckley,
Minnesota
Minnesota ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario to the north and east and by the U.S. states of Wisconsin to the east, Iowa to the so ...
.
* In November 2007, LeDoux was accused by boxing promoter John Hoffman of "insulting and assaulting" him at a boxing event in
Maplewood, Minnesota
Maplewood is a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 42,088 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. Maplewood is ten minutes' drive from downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota, Saint Paul. ...
.
LeDoux claims that Hoffman was intoxicated and fabricated the story.
* In December 2008 a state investigation revealed that LeDoux, in his capacity as head of the Combative Sports Commission, accepted free tickets to an
MMA event, some of which had a face value of $600. This was determined to be a violation of state ethics rules.
* In January 2009, commission member Chad Ridler resigned in protest "of the inaction of the commission in providing oversight of Scott LeDoux...He's unaccountable".
Personal life
LeDoux was diagnosed with
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND) or—in the United States—Lou Gehrig's disease (LGD), is a rare, Terminal illness, terminal neurodegenerative disease, neurodegenerative disorder that results i ...
(ALS) or "Lou Gehrig's Disease" in August 2008. A 2010 study questioned the diagnosis in athletes who had experienced head trauma or repeated concussions. Instead, the study suggests that some may have a variant of dementia pugilistica, known as
chronic traumatic encephalopathy or boxer's syndrome.
["Scott LeDoux fighting his toughest foe: Lou Gehrig's disease"](_blank)
''Scott LeDoux fighting his toughest foe: Lou Gehrig's disease''. Retrieved January 27, 2007. LeDoux was a member of the national board of directors of the Wishes and More. He was also honorary chair of the
American Cancer Society. LeDoux founded a golf tournament called the Scott LeDoux Long Haul Classic.
LeDoux died of complication of ALS on August 11, 2011.
Professional boxing record
, -
, align="center" colspan=8, 33 Wins (22 knockouts, 11 decisions), 13 Losses (7 knockouts, 5 decisions), 4 Draws
, -
, align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3", Result
, align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3", Record
, align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3", Opponent
, align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3", Type
, align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3", Round
, align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3", Date
, align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3", Location
, align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3", Notes
, -align=center
, Loss
, 33–13–4
, align=left,
Frank Bruno
, TKO
, 3
, 03/05/1983
, align=left,
Wembley Arena
Wembley Arena () (originally the Empire Pool, currently known as OVO Energy, OVO Arena Wembley for sponsorship reasons) is an indoor arena next to Wembley Stadium in Wembley, Greater London, England. The 12,500-seat facility is Greater Lond ...
,
Wembley, London
,
, -
, Win
, 33–12–4
, align=left, Ken Arlt
, UD
, 10
, 07/04/1983
, align=left,
Marriott Hotel
Marriott Hotels & Resorts is Marriott International's brand of full-service hotels and resorts based in Bethesda, Maryland. As of June 30, 2020, there were 582 hotels and resorts with 205,053 rooms operating under the brand, in addition to 160 h ...
,
Portland, Oregon
Portland ( ) is the List of cities in Oregon, most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon, located in the Pacific Northwest region. Situated close to northwest Oregon at the confluence of the Willamette River, Willamette and Columbia River, ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 32–12–4
, align=left, Larry Ware
, TKO
, 7
, 28/02/1983
, align=left,
Edmonton, Alberta
Edmonton is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Alberta. It is situated on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region, which is surrounded by Central Alberta ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 31–12–4
, align=left, Steve Ward
, KO
, 8
, 13/11/1982
, align=left, Gillette, Minnesota
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 30–12–4
, align=left, Marlo Malino
, KO
, 5
, 27/10/1982
, align=left,
Schollander Pavilion,
West Fargo, North Dakota
, align=left,
, -
, Loss
, 29–12–4
, align=left, Gordon Racette
, SD
, 10
, 23/09/1982
, align=left,
PNE Agrodome,
Vancouver, British Columbia
Vancouver is a major city in Western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the List of cities in British Columbia, most populous city in the province, the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662,248 people in the cit ...
,
, -
, Loss
, 29–11–4
, align=left,
Gerrie Coetzee
, KO
, 8
, 27/03/1982
, align=left,
Rand Stadium,
Johannesburg, Gauteng
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 29–10–4
, align=left, Steve Sanchez
, KO
, 8
, 25/02/1982
, align=left,
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Sioux Falls ( ) is the List of cities in South Dakota, most populous city in the U.S. state of South Dakota and the List of United States cities by population, 117th-most populous city in the United States. It is the county seat of Minnehaha Coun ...
, align=left,
, -
, Loss
, 28–10–4
, align=left,
Greg Page
, TKO
, 4
, 12/11/1981
, align=left,
Thomas Robinson Stadium
Thomas Robinson Stadium, officially Thomas A. Robinson National Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium in Nassau, Bahamas. The largest stadium in the country, it is used primarily for Association football, soccer matches. The stadium is also the ...
,
Nassau, Bahamas
Nassau ( ) is the capital and largest city of The Bahamas. It is on the island of New Providence, which had a population of 246,329 in 2010, or just over 70% of the entire population of The Bahamas. As of April 2023, the preliminary results of ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 28–9–4
, align=left, Arnold Sam
, PTS
, 10
, 30/07/1981
, align=left, Gillette, Minnesota
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 27–9–4
, align=left, Reggie Fleming
, KO
, 2
, 24/04/1981
, align=left,
Billings, Montana
Billings is the most populous Lists of populated places in the United States, city in the U.S. state of Montana, with a population of 117,116 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. Located in the south-central portion of the state, i ...
, align=left,
, -
, Loss
, 26–9–4
, align=left,
Larry Holmes
, TKO
, 7
, 07/07/1980
, align=left,
Met Center,
Bloomington, Minnesota
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 26–8–4
, align=left, Marty Monroe
, UD
, 10
, 09/03/1980
, align=left,
Saint Paul Civic Center,
Saint Paul, Minnesota
Saint Paul (often abbreviated St. Paul) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Ramsey County, Minnesota, Ramsey County. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, ...
, align=left,
, -
, Loss
, 25–8–4
, align=left,
Mike Weaver
, UD
, 12
, 24/11/1979
, align=left,
Met Center,
Bloomington, Minnesota
, align=left,
, -
, style="background: #B0C4DE", Draw
, 25–7–4
, align=left,
Ken Norton
, PTS
, 10
, 19/08/1979
, align=left,
Met Center,
Bloomington, Minnesota
,
, -
, Loss
, 25–7–3
, align=left,
Ron Lyle
, SD
, 10
, 12/05/1979
, align=left,
Las Vegas, Nevada
Las Vegas, colloquially referred to as Vegas, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Nevada and the county seat of Clark County. The Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area is the largest within the greater Mojave Desert, and second-l ...
,
, -
, Win
, 25–6–3
, align=left, James J. Beattie
, TKO
, 3
, 20/02/1979
, align=left,
Met Center,
Bloomington, Minnesota
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 24–6–3
, align=left, Joe Donatto
, KO
, 3
, 15/12/1978
, align=left,
Omaha Civic Auditorium,
Omaha, Nebraska
Omaha ( ) is the List of cities in Nebraska, most populous city in the U.S. state of Nebraska. It is located in the Midwestern United States along the Missouri River, about north of the mouth of the Platte River. The nation's List of United S ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 23–6–3
, align=left, James Brown
, KO
, 2
, 10/11/1978
, align=left,
Caesars Palace,
Las Vegas, Nevada
Las Vegas, colloquially referred to as Vegas, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Nevada and the county seat of Clark County. The Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area is the largest within the greater Mojave Desert, and second-l ...
,
, -
, Win
, 22–6–3
, align=left, Sylvester Wilder
, KO
, 2
, 03/10/1978
, align=left,
Winnipeg, Manitoba
Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Manitoba. It is centred on the confluence of the Red River of the North, Red and Assiniboine River, Assiniboine rivers. , Winnipeg h ...
, align=left,
, -
, style="background: #B0C4DE", Draw
, 21–6–3
, align=left,
Bill Sharkey
, PTS
, 10
, 26/09/1978
, align=left,
Miami Beach Convention Center,
Miami Beach, Florida
Miami Beach is a coastal resort city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. The municipality is located on natural and human-made barrier islands between the Atlantic Ocean ...
, align=left,
, -
, style="background: #B0C4DE", Draw
, 21–6–2
, align=left,
Leon Spinks
, PTS
, 10
, 22/10/1977
, align=left,
Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts,
Las Vegas, Nevada
Las Vegas, colloquially referred to as Vegas, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Nevada and the county seat of Clark County. The Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area is the largest within the greater Mojave Desert, and second-l ...
,
, -
, Loss
, 21–6–1
, align=left,
Duane Bobick
, TKO
, 8
, 28/07/1977
, align=left,
Met Center,
Bloomington, Minnesota
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 21–5–1
, align=left, Tom Prater
, TKO
, 7
, 23/06/1977
, align=left,
Met Center,
Bloomington, Minnesota
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 20–5–1
, align=left, Pedro Soto
, SD
, 10
, 02/03/1977
, align=left,
Madison Square Garden
Madison Square Garden, colloquially known as the Garden or by its initials MSG, is a multi-purpose indoor arena in New York City. It is located in Midtown Manhattan between Seventh Avenue (Manhattan), Seventh and Eighth Avenue (Manhattan), Eig ...
,
New York City
New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
, align=left,
, -
, Loss
, 19–5–1
, align=left, Johnny Boudreaux
, UD
, 8
, 13/02/1977
, align=left,
Halsey Field House,
Annapolis, Maryland
Annapolis ( ) is the capital of the U.S. state of Maryland. It is the county seat of Anne Arundel County and its only incorporated city. Situated on the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Severn River, south of Baltimore and about east ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 19–4–1
, align=left, Rocky Bentley
, KO
, 2
, 30/11/1976
, align=left,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Minneapolis is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, and its county seat. With a population of 429,954 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the state's List of cities in Minnesota, most populous city. Locat ...
, align=left,
, -
, Loss
, 18–4–1
, align=left,
George Foreman
George Edward Foreman (January 10, 1949 – March 21, 2025) was an American professional boxer, businessman, minister, and author. In boxing, he competed between 1967 and 1997, and was nicknamed "Big George". He was a two-time world heavyweig ...
, TKO
, 3
, 14/08/1976
, align=left,
Utica Memorial Auditorium,
Utica, New York
,
, -
, Loss
, 18–3–1
, align=left, John Dino Denis
, UD
, 10
, 26/06/1976
, align=left,
Providence, Rhode Island
Providence () is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of municipalities in Rhode Island, most populous city of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. The county seat of Providence County, Rhode Island, Providence County, it is o ...
, align=left,
, -
, Loss
, 18–2–1
, align=left,
Duane Bobick
, UD
, 10
, 22/04/1976
, align=left,
Met Center,
Bloomington, Minnesota
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 18–1–1
, align=left, Larry Middleton
, PTS
, 10
, 09/03/1976
, align=left,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Minneapolis is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, and its county seat. With a population of 429,954 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the state's List of cities in Minnesota, most populous city. Locat ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 17–1–1
, align=left, Bill Carson
, KO
, 9
, 07/02/1976
, align=left,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Minneapolis is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, and its county seat. With a population of 429,954 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the state's List of cities in Minnesota, most populous city. Locat ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 16–1–1
, align=left,
Ron Stander
, UD
, 10
, 10/12/1975
, align=left,
Met Center,
Bloomington, Minnesota
,
, -
, Win
, 15–1–1
, align=left, Brian O'Melia
, UD
, 10
, 23/09/1975
, align=left,
Saint Paul, Minnesota
Saint Paul (often abbreviated St. Paul) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Ramsey County, Minnesota, Ramsey County. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, ...
, align=left,
, -
, style="background: #B0C4DE", Draw
, 14–1–1
, align=left,
George Johnson
, PTS
, 10
, 14/08/1975
, align=left,
Saint Paul Civic Center,
Saint Paul, Minnesota
Saint Paul (often abbreviated St. Paul) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Ramsey County, Minnesota, Ramsey County. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 14–1
, align=left, Terry Daniels
, TKO
, 6
, 08/07/1975
, align=left,
Orlando Sports Stadium,
Orlando, Florida
Orlando ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Orange County, Florida, United States. The city proper had a population of 307,573 at the 2020 census, making it the fourth-most populous city in Florida behind Jacksonville, Florida, Jacksonville ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 13–1
, align=left, Rodney Bobick
, UD
, 10
, 23/04/1975
, align=left,
Met Center,
Bloomington, Minnesota
,
, -
, Loss
, 12–1
, align=left, Roy Wallace
, TKO
, 2
, 14/03/1975
, align=left,
University of Minnesota Armory,
Saint Paul, Minnesota
Saint Paul (often abbreviated St. Paul) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Ramsey County, Minnesota, Ramsey County. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, ...
,
, -
, Win
, 12–0
, align=left, Larry Renaud
, TKO
, 6
, 29/01/1975
, align=left,
Mayo Civic Center,
Rochester, Minnesota
Rochester is a city in Olmsted County, Minnesota, United States, and its county seat. It is located along rolling bluffs on the Zumbro River's south fork in Southeast Minnesota. At the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, the city had a popul ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 11–0
, align=left, CJ Bar Brown
, PTS
, 6
, 18/01/1975
, align=left,
Boston Garden,
Boston, Massachusetts
Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeas ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 10–0
, align=left, John L Johnson
, KO
, 5
, 22/11/1974
, align=left,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Minneapolis is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, and its county seat. With a population of 429,954 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the state's List of cities in Minnesota, most populous city. Locat ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 9–0
, align=left, Lou Rogan
, PTS
, 10
, 08/11/1974
, align=left,
Crosby, Minnesota
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 8–0
, align=left, Ron Draper
, KO
, 10
, 08/10/1974
, align=left,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Minneapolis is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, and its county seat. With a population of 429,954 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the state's List of cities in Minnesota, most populous city. Locat ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 7–0
, align=left, Tom Berry
, KO
, 4
, 13/08/1974
, align=left,
Minneapolis Convention Center,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Minneapolis is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, and its county seat. With a population of 429,954 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the state's List of cities in Minnesota, most populous city. Locat ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 6–0
, align=left, Joe Batton
, KO
, 6
, 31/07/1974
, align=left,
Met Center,
Bloomington, Minnesota
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 5–0
, align=left, Larry Penniger
, KO
, 5
, 23/05/1974
, align=left,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Minneapolis is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, and its county seat. With a population of 429,954 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the state's List of cities in Minnesota, most populous city. Locat ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 4–0
, align=left, Reggie Fleming
, KO
, 3
, 15/05/1974
, align=left,
Saint Paul Auditorium,
Saint Paul, Minnesota
Saint Paul (often abbreviated St. Paul) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Ramsey County, Minnesota, Ramsey County. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 3–0
, align=left, Steve Patterson
, PTS
, 6
, 23/04/1974
, align=left,
Minneapolis Convention Center,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Minneapolis is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, and its county seat. With a population of 429,954 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the state's List of cities in Minnesota, most populous city. Locat ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 2–0
, align=left, Floyd Cox
, TKO
, 3
, 14/03/1974
, align=left,
Minneapolis Auditorium,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Minneapolis is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, and its county seat. With a population of 429,954 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the state's List of cities in Minnesota, most populous city. Locat ...
, align=left,
, -
, Win
, 1–0
, align=left, Arthur Pullins
, KO
, 3
, 04/02/1974
, align=left,
Minneapolis Convention Center,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Minneapolis is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, and its county seat. With a population of 429,954 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the state's List of cities in Minnesota, most populous city. Locat ...
, align=left,
Exhibition boxing record
References
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ledoux, Scott
1949 births
2011 deaths
Boxers from Minnesota
County commissioners in Minnesota
Heavyweight boxers
American professional wrestling referees
Deaths from motor neuron disease in the United States
American male boxers
20th-century American sportsmen