The Scots' Dike or dyke is a three and a half mile / 5.25 km long linear earthwork, constructed by the English and the Scots in 1552Mack, James Logan (1926). ''The Border Line'', p.94. Oliver & Boyd to mark the division of the

Debatable Lands The Debatable Lands, also known as debatable ground, batable ground or threip lands,. lay between Scotland and England. It was formerly in question as to which it belonged to when they were distinct kingdoms. For most of its existence, the area ...

and thereby settle the exact boundary between the

Kingdom of Scotland The Kingdom of Scotland was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a Anglo-Sc ...

and the

Kingdom of England The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the late 9th century, when it was unified from various Heptarchy, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Kingdom of Scotland, Scotland to f ...

. The kingdoms were conjoined in 1707.Wickham-Jones, C. R. (2009), ''The Landscape of Scotland''. Stroud : The History Press. . pp. 157 - 158.

Introduction

The

, also known as "Debatable ground", "Batable ground", or "Threpe" – a Scots term meaning "something that is argued over"Warrack, Alexander (1982)."Chambers Scots Dictionary". Chambers. . – were in the West

Marches In medieval Europe, a march or mark was, in broad terms, any kind of borderland, as opposed to a state's "heartland". More specifically, a march was a border between realms or a neutral buffer zone under joint control of two states in which diffe ...

, bounded on the west by the River Sark, to the east by the River Esk and Liddel Water, on the north by the Bruntshiell Moor and Tarras

Moss Mosses are small, non-vascular plant, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic phylum, division Bryophyta (, ) ''sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Wilhelm Philippe Schimper, Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryo ...

, and on the south by the estuary of the Esk. The area was about ten miles from north to south and three and a half from east to west at its widest part.Mack, James Logan (1926). ''The Border Line'', p.85. Oliver & Boyd Canonbie was the main population centre within the debatable lands. These lands were finally divided between the English and Scottish crowns by an agreement supposedly arbitrated by the French ambassador although his line was not ''the last and fynal Lyne of thr particion''.Robb, Graham (2018). ''The Debatable Land'', p.138. Picador The physical border constructed came to be known as the "Scots' Dike", the "March Dike" or more recently the "Scotsdike plantation", a political border rather than a fortification. The terminal points of the dike were said to be marked by square stones bearing the royal arms of England and Scotland; however, these markers have disappeared, were broken up for building nearby cottages or they never existed in the first place. Spaced along the centre of the bank are a number of small unmarked boundary stones of uncertain date, some of which have fallen. It has been suggested that the name came from the archaic word "Batable" meaning land which was rich and fertile upon which stock animals were fattened or "battended".Robb, Graham (2018). ''The Debatable Land'', p.84. Picador This is far from certain, however, and the word appears in 1449 in the expression 'The landez called batable landez or threpe landez in the west marchez', where ''batable'' and ''threpe'' seem to be near-synonyms, and as ''threpe'' means "argument, controversy, dispute" this is perhaps a more likely explanation of "Batable".

Debatable Lands

Borderline

In 1222 a commission of six representatives from each kingdom attempted to fix the border line, and one proposed by the English commissioners more or less equates to that which is shown on

Ordnance Survey The Ordnance Survey (OS) is the national mapping agency for Great Britain. The agency's name indicates its original military purpose (see Artillery, ordnance and surveying), which was to map Scotland in the wake of the Jacobite rising of ...

maps today.Donaldson, Gordon edit.(1988). ''The Story of Scotland''. Pub. Sunday Mail V.1., Part 6., P. 153. The western Anglo-Scottish Border was more formally agreed in Edward II's reign with

David II of Scotland David II (5 March 1324 – 22 February 1371) was King of Scotland from 1329 until his death in 1371. Upon the death of his father, Robert the Bruce, David succeeded to the throne at the age of five and was crowned at Scone in November 1331, be ...

in 1330, to run along the course of the Esk and Liddel from Gretna to Kershopefoot to delineate between the English and Scottish West Marches. In practice, however, this region was controlled by wardens of the marches who usually held the land in their own right and met at designated sites, such as the Lochmaben Stone to discuss and settle disputes. Gilnockie Tower April 29 2007

In Scotland the Maxwells, Johnstons and Scotts secured the Scottish West March to Gretna and

Langholm Langholm , also known colloquially as the "Muckle Toon", is a burgh in Dumfries and Galloway, southern Scotland. Langholm lies between four hills in the valley of the River Esk in the Southern Uplands. Location and geography Langholm sits n ...

, and in England the region was controlled from

Carlisle Carlisle ( , ; from ) is a city in the Cumberland district of Cumbria, England. Carlisle's early history is marked by the establishment of a settlement called Luguvalium to serve forts along Hadrian's Wall in Roman Britain. Due to its pro ...

. The Esk basin at Arthuret was a marshy bogland which was difficult to police, with the Scottish jurisdiction having difficulty policing their side from Gretna to Canonbie. The Debatable Land arose because the Grahams, Armstrongs, Elliots and Bells were too powerful, and the Wardens largely left them alone. These four families raided equally in both England and Scotland, claiming allegiance to neither country; it actually suited both governments to have such a "buffer" zone, so the district became a sort of no-man’s land, where neither country could or would enforce their jurisdiction. Eventually the general lawlessness spilled over and both wardens demanded that the Debatable Land be eradicated. So in 1552 the French ambassador was appointed to finalise the border line, together with Lord Wharton (of the

Battle of Solway Moss The Battle of Solway Moss took place on Solway Moss near the River Esk on the English side of the Anglo-Scottish border in November 1542 between English and Scottish forces. The Scottish King James V had refused to break from the Catholic Chu ...

fame) and Sir Thomas Chaloner nominated and appointed from England; Sir James Douglas of Drumlanrig and

Richard Maitland Sir Richard Maitland of Lethington and Thirlstane (1496 – 1 August 1586) was a Senator of the College of Justice, an Ordinary Lord of Session from 1561 until 1584, and notable Scottish poet. He was served heir to his father, Sir William Mai ...

of Lethington likewise nominated and appointed from Scotland. The commissioners agreed to a compromise demarcation line suggested by the French ambassador, and issued a final declaration that the borderline would run from the

Sark Sark (Sercquiais: or , ) is an island in the southwestern English Channel, off the coast of Normandy, and part of the archipelago of the Channel Islands. It is a self-governing British Crown Dependencies, Crown Dependency, with its own set o ...

to a point on Esk, ''opposite the house of Fergus Greme; a cross pattee at each end and styled 'this is the least and fynal lyne of the particion concluded xxiiij Septembris 1552.' ''Mack, James Logan (1926). ''The Border Line'', p.89. Oliver & Boyd Ridpath in 1776 records that "...after some scruples and delays, commissioners appointed by each of the powers, met on the spot, and agreed on a line to be marked by a ditch and march stones."

Division of the Debatable Lands

The Debatable Land was physically divided into two halves by a man-made ditch called the 'Scots' Dike', giving the western half (Grahams and Bells) to England under

Edward VI Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and King of Ireland, Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death in 1553. He was crowned on 20 February 1547 at the age of nine. The only surviving son of Henry VIII by his thi ...

and the eastern half (Armstrongs and Elliots) to Scotland under Queen Mary. England received the main western road into Scotland, while Scotland received little else but moorland; however, the Scots portion was the larger when the dike came to be built.Mack, James Logan (1926). ''The Border Line'', p.90. Oliver & Boyd

Construction

Regent Arran In a monarchy, a regent () is a person appointed to govern a state because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been dete ...

gave John Maxwell of Terregles £200 Scots in 1553 towards the building of "a dyke upun the Marches of this realm of the ground once called Debatable".

James Balfour Paul Sir James Balfour Paul (16 November 1846 – 15 September 1931) was the Lord Lyon King of Arms, the officer responsible for heraldry in Scotland, from 1890 until the end of 1926. Life James Balfour Paul was educated at Royal High School, Edinbur ...

, ''Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland'', 10 (Edinburgh, 1913), p. 212. The method adopted to dig the Scots' Dike was to dig two parallel ditches, and throw the material excavated therefrom into the intervening space, thus forming an earthen mound of varying height. There is no evidence of stone having been used. East of Crawsknow Farm, the Dike appears originally to have been about 12 feet broad and 3 or 4 feet high; however, it is variable e.g. at one point the Dike takes the form of a narrow strip and then becomes a double ditch with a space of about 30 ft separating them. There is little evidence that the dike has ever been used as a footpath. It may be that two teams built the dike, possibly one from each kingdom, with one starting from the west and another from the east. When the teams came close enough to each other they seem to have been about 21 feet out of their bearings and a correction in the line of the Dike became necessary.Mack, James Logan (1926). ''The Border Line'', p.94-95. Oliver & Boyd However, the more prosaic version is that marshy land was avoided, necessitating a curved approach. Although not a fortification the fields nearby had double hedges planted with thorns and the ditches were wide enough to discourage crossings. The tracks between fields were designed to be "narrow and somewhat crooked so that the enemy or thief might be met at corners and annoyed by crossbow or other means."Robb, Graham (2018). ''The Debatable Land'', p.141. Picador

Terminal stones

The various sources state that the terminal stones were square stones bearing the royal arms of England and Scotland.Historic Environment Scotland
Scots' dike (67548)
'' Canmore''. However, the Commissioners stated that they should bear "...a cross pattée at each end and styled 'this is the least and fynal lyne of the particion concluded xxiiij Septembris 1552.' " A

cross pattée A cross pattée or cross patty (, ), also known as a cross formée or cross formy, or even a Templar cross, is a type of Christian cross with arms that are narrow at the centre and often flared in a curve or straight line shape to be broader at th ...

is a type of

cross A cross is a religious symbol consisting of two Intersection (set theory), intersecting Line (geometry), lines, usually perpendicular to each other. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally. A cross of oblique lines, in the shape of t ...

that has arms which are narrow at the centre, and broader at the perimeter. The name comes from the fact that the shape of each arm of the cross was thought to resemble a paw (French ''patte''). There are several variants of the cross pattée, but it is not known whether these were ever actually made for installation at the dike's terminal points. What fate befell the stones that were made is not recorded. The 19th-century

maps mark a number of boundary stones which are very unlikely to be contemporary with the terminal stones.

Evidence from old maps

Name of the dike

Mercator's ''Scotiae Regnum'' of 1595 shows the Scots' Dike but does not name it.Mercator's map of Scotland
/ref> Robert Gordon's manuscript map of 1636-52 clearly marks the dike but does not name it or indicate any farms etc. associated with it.Robert Gordon's map
/ref> The ''

Blaeu Atlas of Scotland The book commonly known as Blaeu Atlas of Scotland, the fifth volume of '' Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Sive Atlas Novus'', is the first known atlas of Scotland and Ireland. It was compiled by Joan Blaeu, and contains 49 engraved maps and 154 pages of ...

'' by

Joan Blaeu Joan Blaeu (; 23 September 1596 – 21 December 1673), also called Johannes Blaeu, was a Dutch cartographer and the official cartographer of the Dutch East India Company. Blaeu is most notable for his map published in 1648, which was the fir ...

(1654) refers to the Dike as the "March (dyik) Dike" and indicates a dwelling named "March-dike (dyik)-foot".Blaeu's Map and the March Dike.
/ref> Herman Moll's (died 1732) map gives the name "March Dyck", but oddly he does not show the "March Dike" as being the borderline.Moll's map.
/ref> General Roy's ''Military Survey of Scotland'', undertaken from 1747 to 1752, clearly marks the "Scots Dyke" by that name for the first time, shown as a set of parallel lines running from the Sark to the Esk.General Roy's Military Survey of Scotland
/ref> The name "Scots' Dike" was in use by Roy's time, that is the mid 18th-century, but previously "March Dike" seems to have been favoured. It is not clear why the name "Scots" stuck, as the Scots might just as well have called it the "English Dyke": there has been an "Englishtown farm" marked since at least Roy's time.

Place-names associated with the dike

The Blaeu Atlas of Scotland (1654) is the first to indicates a named dwelling, this being "March-dike (dyik)-foot". General Roy's ''Military Survey of Scotland'' undertaken from 17471752, indicates both "Craws Know", "English town" and "Scots Dyke"; however, March-dike-foot is not shown by that name. William Crawford's map of 1804 shows a dwelling called Scots dyke and another called CrossdykeWilliam Crawford's map
/ref> which is no longer marked as such by the 1920s. Thomas Moule's map of 1830 shows a 'Dykestown' which is also shown in Roy's map.The County maps of old England. Thomas Moule. 1990. Pub. Studio Editions. . P. 35. The 1901 OS marks a dwelling named 'Roamyrigg' at the Sark end of the dike, lying within part of what had been woodland with a boundary marker nearby (now fallen). This dwelling is not shown on the 1952 OS or at any later date.

Scots Dike in the 20th century

Location

The dike runs from to (

British national grid reference system The Ordnance Survey National Grid reference system (OSGB), also known as British National Grid (BNG), is a system of geographic grid references, distinct from latitude and longitude, whereby any location in Great Britain can be described in ...

) between the rivers

and Esk and forms the border between England and Scotland for that length.

Damage

It is clear from OS maps that since at least 1862 the majority of the length of the Scots' Dike has been afforested. Prior to the

First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

(19141918) the section within the Scotsdike Plantation was largely intact, but tree felling operations, such as the laying down of temporary railway lines on top of the dike and the hauling of cut tree trunks, caused considerable damage or even complete destruction in places. The period between 1916 and 1926 seems to have been the worst, despite complaints having been lodged regarding the wholesale destruction of a national monument.Mack, James Logan (1926). ''The Border Line'', p.97. Oliver & Boyd

Visual remains

The dike is only traceable within the Scots Dike Plantation, consisting of a bank, with slight ditches on either side, which varies in width from 5.8 m at the west end to 3.3 m at the east end, standing to a maximum height of 0.8 m.Barber, John (1999).''The Linear Earthworks of Southern Scotland; survey and classification''. Trans. Dumfriesshire & Galloway Nat. Hist. Soc. LXXIII. ISSN 0141-1292. P. 78. The east and west ends cannot be traced, and in places the ditches have silted up while elsewhere they have been re-cut. In June 1999

English Heritage English Heritage (officially the English Heritage Trust) is a charity that manages over 400 historic monuments, buildings and places. These include prehistoric sites, a battlefield, medieval castles, Roman forts, historic industrial sites, Lis ...

field investigators visited as part of a National survey pilot project. They describe the monument as lying at the centre of a belt of woodland, comprising spruce plantation to the north of the dike and deciduous woodland to its south. Parts of the plantation had been felled recently, but the dense vegetation rendered detailed survey impossible and investigation was limited to surface examination of the dike. The remains of the linear earthwork, between and , consisted mainly of flat-topped bank flanked by a ditch on either side. The form and preservation of these features varied considerably along the length of the dike and it was concluded that little of the monument survived in its original form, but its course is preserved in later boundaries and drainage ditches. Long sections of the ditches, especially the northern ditch, have been re-cut to provide drainage for the conifer plantation, although in places the modern drainage appears to have been cut through the centre of the dike. Elsewhere, for example at , the feature have been almost plough-levelled, the ditches having disappeared and the bank surviving as little more than a rise in the ground. Between and , where the Glenzier Beck crosses the course of the dike, there are no traces of the earthwork; whether it has simply not survived or whether the dyke was ever constructed across the slack was not apparent. At a number of points along the length of the dike - most notably at approximately and – there is a disjointure in the earthwork which is suggestive of a shift in the line of the original boundary, perhaps due to later land use. At the extreme western end of the dike, between approximately and , a second, much slighter bank and ditch lies to the south of the main earthwork but may be nothing more than later drainage. The course of the dike between the western end of Scotsdike Plantation and the River Sark could not be traced on the ground but it was thought that it followed the extant field boundary to the south of Craw's Knowe farm.

Access

The site is marked as an ancient monument on some tourist mapsPhilip's big driver's atlas of Britain. 2007. Octopus Publishing. P. 42. and 'Solway Heritage' unveiled a new access point to the dike in 1999.''Dike becomes the Border again.'' Sunday Herald (Glasgow) (11 April 1999) P. 4. No interpretation or formal access to the dike itself exists at present (2006). The easiest point of informal access is via the minor road at the Sark end of the dike. Access from the eastern end is from a large lay-by on the A7. A path runs round the back of a house (at ) and up the bank to the rear. On entering the wood there is a bridge across a ditch with a modern marker post showing the location of the boundary.

Status

The Scot's Dike is recorded in the English National Archaeological Record as ancient monument NY37SE 14, and in Scotland it is likewise recorded by the RCAHMS as NMRS number: NY37SE 6. It is a scheduled monument under the terms of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979; from the crest north the monument is scheduled in Scotland; from the crest south, in England.

Scotch Dike railway station

A railway station named Scotch Dyke was opened on 25 October 1861 by the Border Union Railway as 'Scotsdyke' and later renamed 'Scotch Dyke'. It was on the English side of the present border, and closed on 2 May 1949. It was a two-platform station with a level crossing to its north. Today (2006) the former station retains its building and platforms. The canopy of the building has a script reading "Speed and comfort by rail" with its 'British Railways' logo."

Other national border earthworks

The ''Countrup Sike'' A Researcher's Guide to Local History terminology at is a much reduced bank, 0.2 m high and 2 m wide, running for less than 20 m, virtually along the line of the border in a north-west direction. Its true nature remains to be confirmed as this will require more than just field observation.

Scot's Dyke at Richmond

A Scot's Dyke also exists at

Richmond, North Yorkshire Richmond is a market town and Civil parishes in England, civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. It is located at the point where Swaledale, the upper valley of the River Swale, opens into the Vale of Mowbray. The town's population at the 2011 ...

, where it runs up to the river Swale. It is of most likely late Iron Age in date.

Miscellany

The term 'lands Debatable' was still being used as late as 1604 by the Supreme Courts of Justice in Scotland.Mack, James Logan (1926). ''The Border Line'', p.91, note 3. Oliver & Boyd In Scotland a dyke or ''dike'' is a stone wall, but in England a ''dyke'' is a ditch. In the Cumbrian dialect of English a Dike is the name given to a banked hedgerow. The

took place in the Debatable land near Gretna on 24 November 1542. It was described as a rout in which the Scots lost and shortly after

James V of Scotland James V (10 April 1512 – 14 December 1542) was List of Scottish monarchs, King of Scotland from 9 September 1513 until his death in 1542. He was crowned on 21 September 1513 at the age of seventeen months. James was the son of King James IV a ...

died, although he had not been present at the battle in person.

References

{{reflist

External links

The Debatable landsAn aerial view of the Scotsdike plantation
* A Researcher's Guide to Local History terminology
Video and commentary on the Scots' Dike.Video on the 'Monition of Cursing' stone, Carlisle.
History of the Scottish Borders Military history of England Buildings and structures in Dumfries and Galloway 1552 works Anglo-Scottish border Ancient dikes Walls in England Walls in Scotland 1552 in Europe 1550s in England 1550s in Scotland Military history of Scotland Linear earthworks