The scaphoid bone is one of the carpal

bone A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. Bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, ...

s of the wrist. It is situated between the

hand A hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered appendage located at the end of the forearm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs. A few other vertebrates such as the Koala#Characteristics, koala (which has two thumb#O ...

and forearm on the thumb side of the wrist (also called the lateral or radial side). It forms the radial border of the carpal tunnel. The scaphoid bone is the largest bone of the proximal row of wrist bones, its long axis being from above downward, lateralward, and forward. It is approximately the size and shape of a medium cashew nut.

Structure

The scaphoid is situated between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones. It is located on the radial side of the wrist, adjacent to the styloid process of the radius. It articulates with the

radius In classical geometry, a radius (: radii or radiuses) of a circle or sphere is any of the line segments from its Centre (geometry), center to its perimeter, and in more modern usage, it is also their length. The radius of a regular polygon is th ...

lunate Lunate is a crescent or moon-shaped microlith. In the specialized terminology of lithic reduction, a lunate flake is a small, crescent-shaped lithic flake, flake removed from a stone tool during the process of pressure flaking. In the Natufian cu ...

, trapezoid, trapezium, and capitate. Over 80% of the bone is covered in articular cartilage.

Bone

The palmar surface of the scaphoid is concave, and forming a distal tubercle, giving attachment to the transverse carpal ligament. The proximal surface is triangular, smooth and convex. The lateral surface is narrow and gives attachment to the radial collateral ligament. The medial surface has two facets, a flattened semi-lunar facet articulating with the lunate bone, and an inferior concave facet, articulating alongside the lunate with the head of the capitate bone. The dorsal surface of the bone is narrow, with a groove running the length of the bone and allowing ligaments to attach, and the surface facing the fingers (anatomically inferior) is smooth and convex, also triangular, and divided into two parts by a slight ridge.

Blood supply

It receives its blood supply primarily from lateral and distal branches of the radial artery, via palmar and dorsal branches. These provide an "abundant" supply to middle and distal portions of the bone, but neglect the proximal portion, which relies on retrograde flow. The dorsal branch supplies the majority of the middle and distal portions, with the palmar branch supplying only the distal third of the bone.

Variation

The dorsal blood supply, particularly of the proximal portion, is highly variable. Sometimes the fibers of the abductor pollicis brevis emerge from the tubercle.

In animals

In reptiles, birds, and amphibians, the scaphoid is instead commonly referred to as the ''radiale'' because of its articulation with the

Function

The carpal bones function as a unit to provide a bony superstructure for the hand. The scaphoid is also involved in movement of the wrist. It, along with the lunate bone, articulates with the

and ulna to form the major bones involved in movement of the wrist. The scaphoid serves as a link between the two rows of carpal bones. With wrist movement, the scaphoid may flex from its position in the same plane as the forearm to perpendicular.

Clinical significance

Fracture

Fractures of the scaphoid are the most common of the carpal bone injuries, because of its connections with the two rows of carpal bones. The scaphoid can be slow to heal because of the limited circulation to the

. Fractures of the scaphoid must be recognized and treated quickly, as prompt treatment by immobilization or surgical fixation increases the likelihood of the bone healing in anatomic alignment, thus avoiding mal-union or non-union. Delays may compromise healing. Failure of the fracture to heal ("non-union") will lead to post-traumatic osteoarthritis of the carpus. One reason for this is because of the "tenuous" blood supply to the proximal segment. Even rapidly immobilized fractures may require surgical treatment, including use of a headless compression screw such as the Herbert screw to bind the two halves together. Healing of the fracture with a non-anatomic deformity (frequently, a volar flexed "humpback") can also lead to post-traumatic arthritis. Non-unions can result in loss of blood supply to the proximal pole, which can result in avascular necrosis of the proximal segment. Scaphoid fractures may be difficult to diagnose via plain x-ray. A repeat x-ray may be required at a later date, as might cross-sectional imaging via MRI or CT scan.

Other diseases

A condition called scapholunate instability can occur when the scapholunate ligament (connecting the scaphoid to the lunate bone) and other surrounding ligaments are disrupted. In this state, the distance between the scaphoid and

bones is increased. One rare disease of the scaphoid is called Preiser's Disease.

Palpation

The scaphoid can be palpated at the base of the anatomical snuff box. It can also be palpated in the volar (palmar) hand/wrist. Its position is the intersections of the long axes of the four fingers while in a fist, or the base of the thenar eminence. When palpated in this position, the bone will be felt to slide forward during radial deviation (wrist abduction) and flexion. Clicking of the scaphoid or no anterior translation can indicate scapholunate instability.

Etymology

The word ''scaphoid'' () is derived from the Greek ''skaphos'', which means "a boat", and the Greek ''eidos'', which means "kind". The name refers to the shape of the bone, supposedly reminiscent of a boat. In older literature about human anatomy, the scaphoid is referred to as the navicular bone of the hand (this time from the Latin ''navis'' for boat); there is also a bone in a similar position in the foot, which is called the navicular. The modern term for the bone in the hand is ''scaphoid''; in human anatomy the term ''navicular'' is reserved for the bone in the foot.

Additional images

File:Scaphoid bone (left hand) - animation01.gif, Scaphoid bone of the left hand (shown in red). Animation. File:Scaphoid bone (left hand) - animation02.gif, Scaphoid bone of the left hand. Close up. Animation. Image:Scaphoid bone1.jpg, Scaphoid bone. File:Gray219 - Scaphoid bone.png, Scaphoid shown in yellow. Left hand. Palmar surface. File:Gray220 - Scaphoid bone.png, Scaphoid shown in yellow. Left hand. Dorsal surface. File:Ospoignet - Scaphoid bone.png, Cross section of wrist (thumb on left). Scaphoid (labelled as "Navicular") shown in red. File:Dissection of the human hand - 01 - scaphoid bone.png, Wrist joint. Deep dissection. Posterior view. File:Slide1dsds - Scaphoid bone.png, Scaphoid forms the radial (thumb-side) border of the carpal tunnel. Wrist joint. Deep dissection. Anterior (palmar) view.

References

{{Authority control Skeletal system Wrist Bones of the hand Carpal bones