In
music theory
Music theory is the study of theoretical frameworks for understanding the practices and possibilities of music. ''The Oxford Companion to Music'' describes three interrelated uses of the term "music theory": The first is the "Elements of music, ...
, the scale degree is the position of a particular
note on a
scale relative to the
tonic—the first and main note of the scale from which each
octave
In music, an octave (: eighth) or perfect octave (sometimes called the diapason) is an interval between two notes, one having twice the frequency of vibration of the other. The octave relationship is a natural phenomenon that has been referr ...
is assumed to begin. Degrees are useful for indicating the size of
intervals and
chords and whether an interval is
major
Major most commonly refers to:
* Major (rank), a military rank
* Academic major, an academic discipline to which an undergraduate student formally commits
* People named Major, including given names, surnames, nicknames
* Major and minor in musi ...
or
minor.
In the most general sense, the scale degree is the number given to each step of the scale, usually starting with 1 for tonic. Defining it like this implies that a tonic is specified. For instance, the 7-tone
diatonic scale
In music theory a diatonic scale is a heptatonic scale, heptatonic (seven-note) scale that includes five whole steps (whole tones) and two half steps (semitones) in each octave, in which the two half steps are separated from each other by eith ...
may become the major scale once the proper degree has been chosen as tonic (e.g. the
C-major scale C–D–E–F–G–A–B, in which C is the tonic). If the scale has no tonic, the starting degree must be chosen arbitrarily. In
set theory
Set theory is the branch of mathematical logic that studies Set (mathematics), sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Although objects of any kind can be collected into a set, set theory – as a branch of mathema ...
, for instance, the 12 degrees of the
chromatic scale are usually numbered starting from C=0, the twelve
pitch class
In music, a pitch class (p.c. or pc) is a set of all pitches that are a whole number of octaves apart; for example, the pitch class C consists of the Cs in all octaves. "The pitch class C stands for all possible Cs, in whatever octave positio ...
es being numbered from 0 to 11.
In a more specific sense, scale degrees are given names that indicate their particular
function within the scale (see
table below). This implies a functional scale, as is the case in
tonal music.
This example gives the names of the functions of the scale degrees in the seven-note
diatonic scale
In music theory a diatonic scale is a heptatonic scale, heptatonic (seven-note) scale that includes five whole steps (whole tones) and two half steps (semitones) in each octave, in which the two half steps are separated from each other by eith ...
. The names are the same for the major and minor scales, only the seventh degree changes name when flattened:
[Benward & Saker (2003). ''Music: In Theory and Practice,'' vol. I'', p p.32–33. Seventh Edition. . "Scale degree names: Each degree of the seven-tone diatonic scale has a name that relates to its function. The major scale and all three forms of the minor scale share these terms."]
The term ''scale step'' is sometimes used synonymously with scale degree, but it may alternatively refer to the distance ''between'' two successive and adjacent scale degrees (see
steps and skips
In music, a step, or conjunct motion,Bonds, Mark Evan (2006). ''A History of Music in Western Culture'', p.123. 2nd ed. . is the difference in pitch (music), pitch between two consecutive Musical note, notes of a musical scale. In other words, i ...
). The terms "
whole step" and "
half step" are commonly used as interval names (though "whole scale step" or "half scale step" are not used). The number of scale degrees and the distance between them together define the scale they are in.
In
Schenkerian analysis, "scale degree" (or "scale step") translates Schenker's German ''Stufe'', denoting "a chord having gained structural significance" (see ).
Major and minor scales
The degrees of the traditional
major
Major most commonly refers to:
* Major (rank), a military rank
* Academic major, an academic discipline to which an undergraduate student formally commits
* People named Major, including given names, surnames, nicknames
* Major and minor in musi ...
and
minor scale
In Classical_music, Western classical music theory, the minor scale refers to three Scale (music), scale patterns – the natural minor scale (or Aeolian mode), the harmonic minor scale, and the melodic minor scale (ascending or descending).
...
s may be identified several ways:
Scale degree names
See also
*
Factor (chord)
*
Ear training
In music, ear training is the study and practice in which musicians learn various aural skills to detect and identify pitch (music), pitches, interval (music), intervals, melody (music), melody, chord (music), chords, rhythms, solfeges, and other ...
and
music education
Music education is a field of practice in which educators are trained for careers as primary education, elementary or secondary education, secondary music teachers, school or music conservatory ensemble directors. Music education is also a rese ...
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Degree (Music)