''Saxifraga'' is the largest

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

in the family

Saxifragaceae Saxifragaceae is a family of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous Perennial plant, perennial flowering plants, within the core eudicot Order (biology), order Saxifragales. The Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy of the family has been greatly revised and the ...

, containing about 473

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

holarctic The Holarctic realm is a biogeographic realm that comprises the majority of habitats found throughout the continents in the Northern Hemisphere. It corresponds to the floristic Boreal Kingdom. It includes both the Nearctic zoogeographical reg ...

perennial plant In horticulture, the term perennial (''wikt:per-#Prefix, per-'' + ''wikt:-ennial#Suffix, -ennial'', "through the year") is used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annual plant, annuals and biennial plant, biennials. It has thus been d ...

s, known as saxifrages or rockfoils. The Latin word ''saxifraga'' means literally "stone-breaker", from

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

' ("rock" or "stone") + ' ("to break"). It is usually thought to indicate a medicinal use for treatment of urinary calculi (known as kidney or bladder stones), rather than breaking rocks apart.

Description

Most saxifrages are small

perennial In horticulture, the term perennial ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the year") is used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. It has thus been defined as a plant that lives more than 2 years. The term is also ...

, biennial (e.g. '' S. adscendens'') or annual (e.g. '' S. tridactylites'')

herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent wood, woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennial plant, perennials, and nearly all Annual plant, annuals and Biennial plant, biennials. Definition ...

whose basal or

cauline A leaf (: leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, fl ...

leaves A leaf (: leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, ...

grow close to the ground, often in a rosette. The leaves typically have a more or less incised margin; they may be

succulent In botany, succulent plants, also known as succulents, are plants with parts that are thickened, fleshy, and engorged, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions. The word ''succulent'' comes from the Latin word ''sucus'', meani ...

, needle-like and/or hairy, reducing

evaporation Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the Interface (chemistry), surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase. A high concentration of the evaporating substance in the surrounding gas significantly slows down evapora ...

. The

inflorescence In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's Plant stem, stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a mai ...

or single flower clusters rise above the main plant body on naked stalks. The small

actinomorphic Floral symmetry describes whether, and how, a flower, in particular its perianth, can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts. Uncommonly, flowers may have no axis of symmetry at all, typically because their parts are spirall ...

hermaphrodite A hermaphrodite () is a sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes. Animal species in which individuals are either male or female are gonochoric, which is the opposite of hermaphroditic. The individuals of many ...

flowers have five

petal Petals are modified leaves that form an inner whorl surrounding the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly coloured or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''corol ...

s and

sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 Etymology The term ''sepalum'' ...

s and are usually white, but red to yellow in some species.

Stamens The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filamen ...

, usually 10, rarely 8, insert at the junction of the floral tube and ovary wall, with filaments subulate or clavate. As in other primitive eudicots, some of the 5 or 10

stamen The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament ...

s may appear petal-like. It lives in tundral ecosystems.

Taxonomy

A genus of about 473 species. The former

monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unisp ...

genus ''Saxifragella'' has been submersed within Saxifraga, the largest genus in

, as ''Saxifraga bicuspidata''. Also, the genus '' Saxifragopsis'' (strawberry saxifrage) was previously included in ''Saxifraga''.

Subdivision

Based on morphological criteria, up to 15 sections were recognised. Subsequent

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

studies reduced this to 13 sections with 9 subsections. The former sections ''Micranthes'' and ''Merkianae'' are more closely related to the '' Boykinia'' and '' Heuchera''

clades In biology, a clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach to taxonomy ...

. Modern floras separate these groups as the genus ''

Micranthes ''Micranthes'' is a genus of flowering plants in the saxifrage family. It was formerly included within the genus '' Saxifraga'' until recent DNA evidence showed the members of what is now ''Micranthes'' are more closely related to '' Boykinia'' ...

''. The thirteen sections (with subsections) are: *''Irregulares'' *''Saxifragella'' *''Pseudocymbalaria'' *''Bronchiales'' *''Ciliatae'' *''Cymbalaria'' *''Cotylea'' *''Gymnopera'' *''Mesogyne'' *''Trachyphyllum'' *''Ligulatae'' *''Porphyrion'' **''Squarrosae'' **''Mutatae'' **''Oppositifoliae'' **''Florulentae'' **''Kabschia'' *''Saxifraga'' **''Tridactylites'' **''Androsaceae'' **''Arachnoideae'' **''Saxifraga''

Selected species

*''

Saxifraga adscendens ''Saxifraga'' is the largest genus in the family Saxifragaceae, containing about 473 species of holarctic perennial plants, known as saxifrages or rockfoils. The Latin word ''saxifraga'' means literally "stone-breaker", from Latin ' ("rock" or " ...

'' – ascending saxifrage *'' Saxifraga aizoides'' – Yellow mountain saxifrage,Umberto Quattrocchi. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms. Synonyms, and Etymology.'' CRC Press, 1999. p.2395-2396. yellow saxifrage *'' Saxifraga aizoon'' – Aizoon rockfoil *'' Saxifraga algisii'' *'' Saxifraga anadyrensis'' *'' Saxifraga androsacea'' *'' Saxifraga aquatica'' *'' Saxifraga arachnoidea'' * ''Saxifraga'' × ''arendsii'' – mossy saxifrage, mossy rockfoil *'' Saxifraga aspera'' L. – rough saxifrage, stiff-haired saxifrage *'' Saxifraga bicuspidata'' *'' Saxifraga biflora'' *'' Saxifraga bronchialis'' L. – matte saxifrage *'' Saxifraga bryoides'' L. – mossy saxifrage *'' Saxifraga burseriana'' L. – AGM *'' Saxifraga caesia'' – blue green saxifrage *'' Saxifraga callosa'' Sm. – limestone saxifrage *'' Saxifraga canaliculata'' *'' Saxifraga carpatica'' *'' Saxifraga cernua'' – drooping saxifrage, nodding saxifrage, bulblet saxifrage *'' Saxifraga cervicornis'' *''

Saxifraga cespitosa ''Saxifraga cespitosa'', the tufted alpine saxifrage or tufted saxifrage, is a species of flowering plant common to many arctic heights. It appears further south in mountainous areas of the Alps, Norway, Scotland, Wales, Iceland, Siberia, wester ...

'' – tufted saxifrage *'' Saxifraga ciliata'' *''

Saxifraga cochlearis ''Saxifraga cochlearis'', called the spoon-leaved saxifrage, is a species of flowering plant in the genus '' Saxifraga'', native to the Alpes Maritimes of France and the adjoining Italian region of Liguria. Its 'Minor' subtaxon has gained the Ro ...

'' – spoon-leaved saxifrage *'' Saxifraga columnaris'' Schmalh. *'' Saxifraga corsica'' *'' Saxifraga consanguinea'' W.W.Sm. *'' Saxifraga cotyledon'' L. – great alpine rockfoil, greater evergreen saxifrage *'' Saxifraga crustata'' Vest. – crusted-leaved saxifraga, silver saxifrage, encrusted saxifrage *'' Saxifraga cuneifolia'' – shield-leaved saxifrage, lesser London pride *'' Saxifraga cymbalaria'' – celandine saxifrage *'' Saxifraga decipiens'' *'' Saxifraga dinnikii'' Schmalh. *'' Saxifraga eschscholtzii'' – cushion saxifrage *'' Saxifraga exarata'' – furrowed saxifrage *'' Saxifraga flagellaris'' Willd. ''ex'' Sternb. – whiplash saxifrage, spider saxifrage, " spider plant" *'' Saxifraga florulenta'' *'' Saxifraga forbesei'' *'' Saxifraga fortunei'' Hook.f. – fortune saxifrage *'' Saxifraga × geum'' – Robertsoniana saxifrage (''S. hirsuta'' x ''S. umbrosa'') *'' Saxifraga globulifera'' – Gibraltar saxifrage *'' Saxifraga granulata'' L. – meadow saxifrage, bulbous saxifrage, fair maids of France (type species) *'' Saxifraga grisebachii'' - Engleria saxifrage *'' Saxifraga groenlandica'' *'' Saxifraga hederacea'' *'' Saxifraga hirculus'' L. – yellow marsh saxifrage, marsh saxifrage, "bog saxifrage" *'' Saxifraga hirsuta'' – kidney saxifrage *'' Saxifraga hyperborea'' – pygmy saxifrage *'' Saxifraga hypnoides'' – mossy saxifrage, Dovedale moss *'' Saxifraga juniperifolia'' *'' Saxifraga korshinskii'' Kom. *'' Saxifraga lactea'' Turcz. *'' Saxifraga longifolia'' – Pyrenean saxifrage *'' Saxifraga maderensis'' – Madeira saxifrage, Madeira breakstone *'' Saxifraga mertensiana'' – Mertens' saxifrage *'' Saxifraga montana'' *'' Saxifraga moschata'' – musky saxifrage, mossy saxifrage **''Saxifraga moschata'' ssp. ''basaltica'' *'' Saxifraga muscoides'' *'' Saxifraga mutata'' *'' Saxifraga nathorstii'' (Dusén) Hayek – East Greenland saxifrage *'' Saxifraga nipponica'' *'' Saxifraga oppositifolia'' – purple saxifrage, purple mountain saxifrage *'' Saxifraga osloensis'' Knaben – Oslo saxifrage, a natural hybrid species *'' Saxifraga paniculata'' – lifelong saxifrage, white mountain saxifrage *'' Saxifraga paradoxa'' Sternb. – Fragile saxifraga *'' Saxifraga petraea'' *'' Saxifraga platysepala'' (= ''S. flagellaris'' ''auct. non'' Willd.) – broadsepal saxifrage *'' Saxifraga porophylla'' *'' Saxifraga redofskii'' – many-flower saxifrage *'' Saxifraga rivularis'' – alpine brook saxifrage, brook saxifrage, highland saxifrage *'' Saxifraga rosacea'' – Irish saxifrage *'' Saxifraga rotundifolia'' L. – round-leaved saxifrage *'' Saxifraga roylei'' *'' Saxifraga rudolphiana'' *'' Saxifraga rufopilosa'' – redhair saxifrage *'' Saxifraga sancta'' *'' Saxifraga serpyllifolia'' – thymeleaf saxifrage *'' Saxifraga sibirica'' – Siberian saxifrage *'' Saxifraga spathularis'' – Saint Patrick's cabbage *'' Saxifraga squarrosa'' – Dolomites saxifrage *'' Saxifraga stolonifera'' – creeping saxifrage, strawberry saxifrage, creeping rockfoil, strawberry begonia, strawberry geranium, Aaron's beard **''Saxifraga stolonifera'' f. ''aptera'' (Makino) H.Hara – ''hoshizaki-yukinoshita'' ( Japanese) **''Saxifraga stolonifera'' 'Cuscutiformis' (''Saxifraga cuscutiformis'' Lodd.) – Dodder-like saxifrage *'' Saxifraga subverticillata'' *'' Saxifraga svalbardensis'' *'' Saxifraga taygetea'' *'' Saxifraga taylorii'' – Taylor's saxifrage *'' Saxifraga tenella'' *'' Saxifraga tombeanensis'' *'' Saxifraga tricuspidata'' Rottb. – prickly saxifrage *'' Saxifraga tridactylites'' – rue-leaved saxifrage, " nailwort" *'' Saxifraga trifurcata'' * ''Saxifraga'' × ''urbium'' – London pride (''S. spathularis ''×'' S. umbrosa'') *'' Saxifraga umbrosa'' – Pyrenean saxifrage *'' Saxifraga vandelli'' *'' Saxifraga wahlenbergii''

Formerly placed here

Plants formerly placed in ''Saxifraga'' are mainly but not exclusively

. They include: *'' Astilboides tabularis'', as ''S. tabularis'' *'' Bergenia crassifolia'', as ''S. cordifolia, S. crassifolia'' *'' Bergenia pacumbis'', as ''S. ligulata, S. pacumbis'' *'' Bergenia purpurascens'', as ''S. delavayi, S. purpurascens'' *'' Boykinia jamesii'', as ''S. jamesii'' *'' Boykinia occidentalis'' (Coastal Brookfoam), as ''S. elata'' *'' Boykinia richardsonii'' ( Richardson's Brookfoam), as ''S. richardsonii'' *'' Darmera peltata'' (Indian Rhubarb), as ''S. peltata'' *'' Leptarrhena pyrolifolia'', as ''S. pyrolifolia'' *'' Luetkea pectinata'' (Partridgefoot), as ''S. pectinata'' *''

, including: **'' Micranthes integrifolia'' (wholeleaf saxifrage) **'' Micranthes howellii'' (Howell's saxifrage), as ''S. howellii'' **'' Micranthes stellaris'' (Starry saxifrage), as ''S. stellaris'' *'' Mukdenia rossii'' (Mukdenia), as ''S. rossii''

Other "saxifragous" plants

Several plant

genera Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...

have names referring to saxifrages, although they might not be close relatives of ''Saxifraga''. They include: *Golden-saxifrages, '' Chrysosplenium'' *Burnet-saxifrages, '' Pimpinella'' *Pepper-saxifrage, '' Silaum silaus''. The name "silaum" comes from the Latin word sil, which means yellow ochre. This refers to the sulphurous yellow colour of the flowers. Some plants refer to ''Saxifraga'' in their generic names or

specific epithet In Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin gramm ...

s, either because they are also "rock-breaking" or because they resemble members of the saxifrage genus: *'' Campanula saxifraga'' *'' Celmisia saxifraga'' (Benth.) W.M.Curtis *'' Cineraria saxifraga'' DC. *'' Dryopteris saxifraga'' *'' Petrorhagia saxifraga'' – Tunicflower *'' Pimpinella saxifraga'' – Burnet saxifrage *'' Ptychotis saxifraga'' *'' Saxifragella'' *'' Saxifragodes'' *'' Saxifragopsis'' Small

Ecology

Saxifrages are typical inhabitants of Arctic–alpine

ecosystem An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a system formed by Organism, organisms in interaction with their Biophysical environment, environment. The Biotic material, biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and en ...

s, and are hardly ever found outside the

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of the Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ran ...

parts of the Northern Hemisphere; most members of this genus are found in

subarctic The subarctic zone is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic, north of hemiboreal regions and covering much of Alaska, Canada, Iceland, the north of Fennoscandia, Northwestern Russia, Siberia, and the Cair ...

climates. A good number of species grow in

glacial A glacier (; or ) is a persistent body of dense ice, a form of rock, that is constantly moving downhill under its own weight. A glacier forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation over many years, often centuries. It acquires ...

habitats, such as '' S. biflora'' which can be found some above sea level in the Alps, or the East Greenland saxifrage ('' S. nathorstii''). The genus is also abundant in the Eastern and Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows. Though the archetypal saxifrage is a small plant huddling between rocks high up on a mountain, many species do not occur in such a

habitat In ecology, habitat refers to the array of resources, biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species' habitat can be seen as the physical manifestation of its ...

and are larger (though still rather delicate) plants found on wet

meadow A meadow ( ) is an open habitat or field, vegetated by grasses, herbs, and other non- woody plants. Trees or shrubs may sparsely populate meadows, as long as they maintain an open character. Meadows can occur naturally under favourable con ...

s. Various ''Saxifraga'' species are used as food plants by the

caterpillar Caterpillars ( ) are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths). As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawflies (suborder ...

s of some butterflies and moths, such as the Phoebus Apollo ('' Parnassius phoebus'').

Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English Natural history#Before 1900, naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all speci ...

– erroneously believing ''Saxifraga'' to be allied to the sundew family (

Droseraceae Droseraceae is a family of carnivorous flowering plants, also known as the sundew family. It consists of approximately 180 species in three extant genera, the vast majority being in the sundew genus '' Drosera''. The family also contains the wel ...

) – suspected the sticky-leaved round-leaved saxifrage ('' S. rotundifolia''), rue-leaved saxifrage ('' S. tridactylites'') and Pyrenean saxifrage ('' S. umbrosa'') to be protocarnivorous plants, and conducted some experiments whose results supported his observations, but the matter has apparently not been studied since his time.

Cultivation

Numerous species and cultivars of saxifrage are cultivated as ornamental garden plants, valued particularly as

groundcover Groundcover or ground cover is any plant that grows low over an area of ground, which protects the topsoil from erosion and drought. In a terrestrial ecosystem, the ground cover forms the layer of vegetation below the shrub layer known as the ...

or as cushion plants in

rock garden A rock garden, also known as a rockery and formerly as a rockwork, is a garden, or more often a part of a garden, with a landscaping framework of rocks, stones, and gravel, with planting appropriate to this setting. Usually these are small ...

s and alpine gardens. Many require alkaline or neutral soil to thrive. ''S. ''×'' urbium'' (London pride), a hybrid between Pyrenean saxifrage ('' S. umbrosa'') and St. Patrick's cabbage ('' S. spathularis''), is commonly grown as an

ornamental plant Ornamental plants or ''garden plants'' are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty but also for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars th ...

. Another horticultural hybrid is Robertsoniana saxifrage ('' S. × geum''), derived from kidney saxifrage ('' S. hirsuta'') and Pyrenean saxifrage. Some wild species are also used in gardening.

Cambridge University Botanic Garden The Cambridge University Botanic Garden is a botanical garden located in Cambridge, England, associated with the university Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Department of Plant Sciences (formerly Botany School). It lies be ...

hosts the United Kingdom's national collection of saxifrages.

Award of Garden Merit

The following species and

cultivars A cultivar is a kind of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and which retains those traits when propagated. Methods used to propagate cultivars include division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue cult ...

have gained the

Royal Horticultural Society The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity. The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr ...

Award of Garden Merit The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions. It includes the full range of cultivated p ...

:- *'Angelina Johnson' (''fortunei'') *'Blackberry and Apple Pie' (''fortunei'') *'' S. callosa'' (limestone saxifrage) *'

Conwy Conwy (, ), previously known in English as Conway, is a walled market town, community and the administrative centre of Conwy County Borough in North Wales. The walled town and castle stand on the west bank of the River Conwy, facing Deganwy ...

Snow' (''fortunei'') *' Coolock Kate' *' Cumulus' *'' S. fortunei'' *'

Gregor Mendel Gregor Johann Mendel Order of Saint Augustine, OSA (; ; ; 20 July 1822 – 6 January 1884) was an Austrian Empire, Austrian biologist, meteorologist, mathematician, Augustinians, Augustinian friar and abbot of St Thomas's Abbey, Brno, St. Thom ...

' (× ''apiculata'') *'Lagraveana' (''paniculata'') *'Lutea' *'Minor' *'Moe' (''fortunei'') *'Monarch' *'Mount Nachi' (''fortunei'') *' Peach Melba' *' Reginald Farrer' (Silver Farreri Group) *'Rokujo' (''fortunei'') *'Rosea' *'Shiranami' (''fortunei'') *'Slack's Ruby Southside' (Southside Seedling Group) *'Snowflake' (Silver Farreri Group) *'Southside Star' (Southside Seedling Group) *'' S. stolonifera'' (strawberry saxifrage) *'Sue Drew' (''fortunei'') *='Toujya' (''fortunei'') *' Theoden' *'Tumbling Waters' * ''S.'' × ''urbium'' (London pride) *'Venetia' (''paniculata'') *'Whitehill'

Uses

The leaves of some saxifrage species, such as creeping saxifrage ('' S. stolonifera'') and ''S. pensylvanica'', are edible. The former is a food in Korea and Japan. The flowers of purple saxifrage ('' S. oppositifolia'') are eaten in

Nunavut Nunavut is the largest and northernmost Provinces and territories of Canada#Territories, territory of Canada. It was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the ''Nunavut Act'' and the Nunavut Land Claims Agr ...

, Canada and the leaves and stems brewed as a tea.Official Flower of Nunavut
Nunavut, Canada Species are also used in traditional medicine, such as creeping saxifrage in East Asia and round-leaved saxifrage ( ''S. rotundifolia'') in Europe. Two species—purple saxifrage and creeping saxifrage—are popular

floral emblem In a number of countries, plants have been chosen as symbols to represent specific geographic areas. Some countries have a country-wide floral emblem; others in addition have symbols representing subdivisions. Different processes have been used t ...

s. They are official flowers for: *

, Canada - purple saxifrage *

County Londonderry County Londonderry (Ulster Scots dialects, Ulster-Scots: ''Coontie Lunnonderrie''), also known as County Derry (), is one of the six Counties of Northern Ireland, counties of Northern Ireland, one of the thirty-two Counties of Ireland, count ...

, Northern Ireland - purple saxifrage * Tsukuba, Japan - creeping saxifrage, "hoshizaki" form (''S. stolonifera'' Curtis f. ''aptera'') File:Saxifraga umbrosa a3.jpg, Pyrenean saxifrage ('' S. umbrosa''), ancestor to horticultural hybrid saxifrages File:Saxifraga caesia a1.jpg, '' Saxifraga caesia'' File:Saxifraga cuneifolia3.jpg, Lesser London pride ('' Saxifraga cuneifolia'') File:Saxifraga decipiens White V08 H3990.jpg, '' Saxifraga decipiens'' File:Saxifraga rosacea 01.jpg, Irish saxifrage ('' Saxifraga rosacea'') File:Saxifraga tricuspidata upernavik 2007-07-15 1 filtered.jpg, Prickly saxifrage ('' Saxifraga tricuspidata'') flowers

References

Bibliography

;Books * * ;Articles * * * * * * ;Websites * * * ;Floras *, in Flora of China online vol. 8
see also PDF
' *

External links

{{Authority control Saxifragaceae genera Garden plants Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus