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Saurichthyiformes is an extinct
order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...
of
ray-finned fish Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a class of bony fish. They comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. The ray-finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or h ...
which existed in
Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an ...
,
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
, Australia,
Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located enti ...
and North America, during the
late Permian Late may refer to: * LATE, an acronym which could stand for: ** Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, a proposed form of dementia ** Local-authority trading enterprise, a New Zealand business law ** Local average treatment effect, ...
to early
Middle Jurassic The Middle Jurassic is the second epoch of the Jurassic Period. It lasted from about 174.1 to 163.5 million years ago. Fossils of land-dwelling animals, such as dinosaurs, from the Middle Jurassic are relatively rare, but geological formations ...
. Saurichthyiiformes comprise two families, Saurichthyidae and Yelangichthyidae. Whereas Yelangichthyidae is
monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...
, Saurichthyidae includes at least two genera, ''
Saurorhynchus ''Saurorhynchus'' (= ''Acidorhynchus'') is an extinct genus of carnivorous bony fish. It is the youngest representative of the family Saurichthyidae and the order Saurichthyiformes. This family is known for its large, elongate jaws, similar to ...
'' and the very speciose '' Saurichthys''. Additionally, the
subgenera In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed betwee ...
'' Costasaurichthys'', '' Eosaurichthys'', '' Lepidosaurichthys'', and ''
Sinosaurichthys ''Sinosaurichthys'' is an extinct genus of saurichthyid ray-finned fish, which existed in southwestern China during the Middle Triassic (Anisian age). Fossils have been found in the Upper Member of the Guanling Formation of two localities: Y ...
'' are frequently used to group species. Saurichthyiforms were highly successful predators, and with ''Yelangichthys'' possibly even included durophagous forms. Species are known from both marine end freshwater deposits. They had their highest diversity during the
Early Early may refer to: History * The beginning or oldest part of a defined historical period, as opposed to middle or late periods, e.g.: ** Early Christianity ** Early modern Europe Places in the United States * Early, Iowa * Early, Texas * Early ...
and
Middle Triassic In the geologic timescale, the Middle Triassic is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period or the middle of three series in which the Triassic system is divided in chronostratigraphy. The Middle Triassic spans the time between Ma ...
.


Systematics

* Order †Saurichthyiformes Aldinger, 1937 aurichthyida Berg, 1937/small> ** Family † Saurichthyidae Owen 1860 aurichthyoidei Bleeker 1859; Belonorhynchidae Woodward 1888; Saurorhynchidae Jordan, 1905*** Genus †'' Saurichthys'' Agassiz, 1834 [''Belonorhynchus'' Bronn 1858; ''Brevisaurichthys'' Beltan 1972; ''Giffonus'' Costa 1862; ''Gymnosaurichthys'' Berg 1940; ''Ichthyorhynchus'' Bellotti 1857; ''Stylorhynchus'' Martin 1873, non Lesson 1847, non Stein 1848; ''Systolichthys'' Beltan 1972] **** †''Saurichthys apicalis'' Agassiz 1834 (
type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen( ...
) **** †''Saurichthys breviabdominalis'' Maxwell et al. 2015Discovery of two new species of primitive fishes
/ref> **** †''Saurichthys curionii'' (Bellotti 1857) **** †''Saurichthys daubreei'' Firtion 1934 **** †''Saurichthys dawaziensis'' Wu et al. 2009 **** †''Saurichthys dianneae'' Maxwell et al. 2016 **** †''Saurichthys dongusensis'' Minich 1992 **** †''Saurichthys eximius'' Minikh 1982 **** †''Saurichthys gigas'' (Woodward 1890), non von Quenstedt 1858 **** †''Saurichthys gracilis'' (Woodward 1890) **** †''Saurichthys grignae'' Tintori 2013 **** †''Saurichthys gypsophilus'' Reis 1892 **** †''Saurichthys hamiltoni'' Stensiö 1925 **** †''Saurichthys hoffmanni'' Werneburg et al. 2014 **** †''Saurichthys huanshenensis'' Chou & Liu 1957 **** †''Saurichthys irregularis'' Oertle 1928 **** †''Saurichthys latifrons'' Eck 1865 **** †''Saurichthys lepidosteoides'' Frech 1903 **** †''Saurichthys macrocephalus'' (Deecke 1889) **** †''Saurichthys majiashanensis'' Tintori et al. 2014 **** †''Saurichthys minimahleri'' Werneburg et al. 2014 **** †''Saurichthys nepalensis'' Beltan & Janvier 1978 **** †''Saurichthys obrutchevi'' Minich 1981 **** †''Saurichthys orientalis'' Sytchevskaya 1999 **** †''Saurichthys parvidens'' Wade 1935 **** †''Saurichthys piveteaui'' Beltan 1968 **** †''Saurichthys proximus'' Minich 1981 **** †''Saurichthys rieppeli'' Maxwell et al. 2015 **** †''Saurichthys sceltrichensis'' Renesto et al. 2021 **** †''Saurichthys seefeldensis'' Kner 1867 **** †''Saurichthys spinosa'' Wu et al. 2018 **** †''Saurichthys stensioi'' Lehman 1952 **** †''Saurichthys sui'' Fang & Wu 2022 **** †''Saurichthys tenuirostris'' Münster 1839 **** †''Saurichthys tertius'' Minich 1982 **** †''Saurichthys ultimus'' Minikh 1992 **** †''Saurichthys vjuschkovi'' Minikh 1983 **** †''Saurichthys yangjuanensis'' Wu et al. 2015 **** †''Saurichthys yunnanensis'' Zhang, Zhou, Lu & Bai 2010 *** Subgenus †'' Costasaurichthys'' Tintori, 2013 **** †''Saurichthys'' (''Costasaurichthys'') ''costasquamosus'' Rieppel 1985 (
type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen( ...
) **** †''Saurichthys'' (''Costasaurichthys'') ''paucitrichus'' Rieppel 1992 *** Subgenus †'' Eosaurichthys'' Liu & Wei, 1988 **** †''Saurichthys'' (''Eosaurichthys'') ''chaoi'' (Liu and Wei 1988) (
type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen( ...
) **** †''Saurichthys'' (''Eosaurichthys'') ''madagascariensis'' Piveteau 1945 *** Subgenus †'' Lepidosaurichthys'' Tintori, 2013 **** †''Saurichthys'' (''Lepidosaurichthys'') ''dayi'' (Raymond 1925) (
type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen( ...
) **** †''Saurichthys'' (''Lepidosaurichthys'') ''elongatus'' Stensiö 1925 **** †''Saurichthys'' (''Lepidosaurichthys'') ''ornatus'' Stensiö 1925 **** †''Saurichthys'' (''Lepidosaurichthys'') ''toxolepis'' Mutter et al. 2008 **** †''Saurichthys'' (''Lepidosaurichthys'') ''wimani'' (Woodward 1912) *** Subgenus †''
Sinosaurichthys ''Sinosaurichthys'' is an extinct genus of saurichthyid ray-finned fish, which existed in southwestern China during the Middle Triassic (Anisian age). Fossils have been found in the Upper Member of the Guanling Formation of two localities: Y ...
'' Wu ''et al.'',
2010 File:2010 Events Collage New.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2010 Chile earthquake was one of the strongest recorded in history; The Eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland disrupts air travel in Europe; A scene from the opening ceremony of ...
**** †''Saurichthys'' (''Sinosaurichthys'') ''longipectoralis'' Wu et al. 2009 (
type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen( ...
) **** †''Saurichthys'' (''Sinosaurichthys'') ''longimedialis'' Wu et al. 2009 **** †''Saurichthys'' (''Sinosaurichthys'') ''minuta'' Wu et al. 2009 *** Genus †''
Saurorhynchus ''Saurorhynchus'' (= ''Acidorhynchus'') is an extinct genus of carnivorous bony fish. It is the youngest representative of the family Saurichthyidae and the order Saurichthyiformes. This family is known for its large, elongate jaws, similar to ...
'' Reis, 1892 'Acidorhynchus'' Stensiö, 1925**** †''Saurichthys'' (''Saurorhynchus'') ''calcaratus'' Griffith 1977 **** †''Saurichthys'' (''Saurorhynchus'') ''deperditus'' (Costa 1862) **** †''Saurichthys'' (''Saurorhynchus'') ''striolatus'' Bronn 1858 **** †''Saurorhynchus acutus'' (Agassiz 1844) (
type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen( ...
) **** †''Saurorhynchus anningae'' Maxwell & Stumpf 2017 **** †''Saurorhynchus brevirostris'' (Woodward 1895) **** †''Saurorhynchus hauffi'' Maxwell & Stumpf 2017 ** Family † Yelangichthyidae Wu et al., 2013 *** Genus †'' Yelangichthys'' Wu et al., 2013 **** †''Yelangichthys macrocephalus'' Wu et al., 2013 (
type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen( ...
)


Phylogeny

Modified from Maxwell et al. (also see Renesto et al., Argyriou et al. and Gardiner et al.)


Timeline of genera

ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px Period = from:-298.9 till:-145 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-298.9 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-298.9 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify Colors = #legends id:CAR value:claret id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196) id:HER value:teal id:HAD value:green id:OMN value:blue id:black value:black id:white value:white id:permian value:rgb(0.94,0.25,0.24) id:earlypermian value:rgb(0.89,0.46,0.36) id:middlepermian value:rgb(0.95,0.56,0.45) id:latepermian value:rgb(0.97,0.74,0.66) id:mesozoic value:rgb(0.38,0.77,0.79) id:triassic value:rgb(0.51,0.17,0.57) id:earlytriassic value:rgb(0.6,0.22,0.61) id:middletriassic value:rgb(0.73,0.53,0.71) id:latetriassic value:rgb(0.78,0.65,0.8) id:jurassic value:rgb(0.2,0.7,0.79) id:earlyjurassic value:rgb(0,0.69,0.89) id:middlejurassic value:rgb(0.52,0.81,0.91) id:latejurassic value:rgb(0.74,0.89,0.97) id:cretaceous value:rgb(0.5,0.78,0.31) id:earlycretaceous value:rgb(0.63,0.78,0.65) id:latecretaceous value:rgb(0.74,0.82,0.37) BarData= bar:eratop bar:space bar:periodtop bar:space bar:NAM1 bar:NAM2 bar:NAM3 bar:NAM4 bar:NAM5 bar:NAM6 bar:NAM7 bar:space bar:period bar:space bar:era PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(7,-4) bar:periodtop from: -298.9 till: -272.95 color:earlypermian text:
Early Early may refer to: History * The beginning or oldest part of a defined historical period, as opposed to middle or late periods, e.g.: ** Early Christianity ** Early modern Europe Places in the United States * Early, Iowa * Early, Texas * Early ...
from: -272.95 till: -259.1 color:middlepermian text: Mid. from: -259.1 till: -251.902 color:latepermian text: Late from: -251.902 till: -247 color:earlytriassic text: E. from: -247 till: -237 color:middletriassic text:
Middle Middle or The Middle may refer to: * Centre (geometry), the point equally distant from the outer limits. Places * Middle (sheading), a subdivision of the Isle of Man * Middle Bay (disambiguation) * Middle Brook (disambiguation) * Middle Creek (d ...
from: -237 till: -201.3 color:latetriassic text: Late from: -201.3 till: -174.1 color:earlyjurassic text:
Early Early may refer to: History * The beginning or oldest part of a defined historical period, as opposed to middle or late periods, e.g.: ** Early Christianity ** Early modern Europe Places in the United States * Early, Iowa * Early, Texas * Early ...
from: -174.1 till: -163.5 color:middlejurassic text:
Middle Middle or The Middle may refer to: * Centre (geometry), the point equally distant from the outer limits. Places * Middle (sheading), a subdivision of the Isle of Man * Middle Bay (disambiguation) * Middle Brook (disambiguation) * Middle Creek (d ...
from: -163.5 till: -145 color:latejurassic text: Late bar:eratop from: -298.9 till: -251.902 color:permian text:
Permian The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.9 Mya. It is the last period of the Pale ...
from: -251.902 till: -201.3 color:triassic text:
Triassic The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period ...
from: -201.3 till: -145 color:jurassic text:
Jurassic The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The J ...
PlotData= align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left color:latepermian bar:NAM1 from:-254.14 till:-251.2 text: Eosaurichthys color:middletriassic bar:NAM2 from:-242 till:-237 text: Costasaurichthys color:earlytriassic bar:NAM3 from:-251.2 till:-248 text: Lepidosaurichthys color:earlytriassic bar:NAM4 from:-251.902 till:-201.3 text: Saurichthys color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM5 from:-227.0 till:-170.3 text:
Saurorhynchus ''Saurorhynchus'' (= ''Acidorhynchus'') is an extinct genus of carnivorous bony fish. It is the youngest representative of the family Saurichthyidae and the order Saurichthyiformes. This family is known for its large, elongate jaws, similar to ...
color:middletriassic bar:NAM6 from:-247 till:-242 text:
Sinosaurichthys ''Sinosaurichthys'' is an extinct genus of saurichthyid ray-finned fish, which existed in southwestern China during the Middle Triassic (Anisian age). Fossils have been found in the Upper Member of the Guanling Formation of two localities: Y ...
color:middletriassic bar:NAM7 from:-247 till:-242 text: Yelangichthys PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 bar:period from: -298.9 till: -272.95 color:earlypermian text:
Early Early may refer to: History * The beginning or oldest part of a defined historical period, as opposed to middle or late periods, e.g.: ** Early Christianity ** Early modern Europe Places in the United States * Early, Iowa * Early, Texas * Early ...
from: -272.95 till: -259.1 color:middlepermian text: Mid. from: -259.1 till: -251.902 color:latepermian text: Late from: -251.902 till: -247 color:earlytriassic text: E. from: -247 till: -237 color:middletriassic text:
Middle Middle or The Middle may refer to: * Centre (geometry), the point equally distant from the outer limits. Places * Middle (sheading), a subdivision of the Isle of Man * Middle Bay (disambiguation) * Middle Brook (disambiguation) * Middle Creek (d ...
from: -237 till: -201.3 color:latetriassic text: Late from: -201.3 till: -174.1 color:earlyjurassic text:
Early Early may refer to: History * The beginning or oldest part of a defined historical period, as opposed to middle or late periods, e.g.: ** Early Christianity ** Early modern Europe Places in the United States * Early, Iowa * Early, Texas * Early ...
from: -174.1 till: -163.5 color:middlejurassic text:
Middle Middle or The Middle may refer to: * Centre (geometry), the point equally distant from the outer limits. Places * Middle (sheading), a subdivision of the Isle of Man * Middle Bay (disambiguation) * Middle Brook (disambiguation) * Middle Creek (d ...
from: -163.5 till: -145 color:latejurassic text: Late bar:era from: -298.9 till: -251.902 color:permian text:
Permian The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.9 Mya. It is the last period of the Pale ...
from: -251.902 till: -201.3 color:triassic text:
Triassic The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period ...
from: -201.3 till: -145 color:jurassic text:
Jurassic The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The J ...


References


Additional references

* Prehistoric ray-finned fish orders Jurassic bony fish Permian bony fish Triassic bony fish Lopingian first appearances Early Jurassic extinctions {{Jurassic-fish-stub