Satrio
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Satrio (28 May 1916 – 5 May 1986) was an Indonesian military doctor. He served as Minister of Health during the
Guided Democracy Guided democracy, also called directed democracy and managed democracy, is a formally democratic government that functions as a ''de facto'' authoritarian government or, in some cases, as an autocratic government. Such hybrid regimes are legit ...
period, between 1959 and 1966, and as General Chairman of the
Indonesian Red Cross The Indonesian Red Cross Society (, PMI) is a humanitarian organization in Indonesia. It is a member of International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Indonesia is one of the few Muslim world, Muslim-majority countries to use ...
between 1970 and 1982. A graduate of the Batavia Medical College during the Japanese occupation period, Satrio was an early member of the
Indonesian Red Cross The Indonesian Red Cross Society (, PMI) is a humanitarian organization in Indonesia. It is a member of International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Indonesia is one of the few Muslim world, Muslim-majority countries to use ...
during the
Indonesian National Revolution The Indonesian National Revolution (), also known as the Indonesian War of Independence (, ), was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during A ...
, active in
Jakarta Jakarta (; , Betawi language, Betawi: ''Jakartè''), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (; ''DKI Jakarta'') and formerly known as Batavia, Dutch East Indies, Batavia until 1949, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia and ...
,
Banten Banten (, , Pegon alphabet, Pegon: بنتن) is the westernmost Provinces of Indonesia, province on the island of Java, Indonesia. Its capital city is Serang and its largest city is Tangerang. The province borders West Java and the Special Capi ...
and
West Java West Java (, ) is an Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province on the western part of the island of Java, with its provincial capital in Bandung. West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country's capital region of Jakarta to t ...
as a military doctor. After the revolution, he continued his career as an army doctor until his appointment as health minister. After a seven-year ministerial tenure, he returned to military service before heading the
Indonesian Red Cross The Indonesian Red Cross Society (, PMI) is a humanitarian organization in Indonesia. It is a member of International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Indonesia is one of the few Muslim world, Muslim-majority countries to use ...
.


Early life and education

Satrio was born on 28 May 1916 in the village of Singojuruh within
Banyuwangi Regency Banyuwangi Regency (, ) is a Regency (Indonesia), regency of East Java province in Indonesia. This regency also known as ''the sun rise of Java'' because it is located at the easternmost end of Java (island), Java Island. The town of Banyuwang ...
, today in
East Java East Java (, , ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia located in the easternmost third of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern ...
. He was the eldest of eight children, with his father working as a teacher. He completed his
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elementary school there, before moving to
Surabaya Surabaya is the capital city of East Java Provinces of Indonesia, province and the List of Indonesian cities by population, second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. Located on the northeastern corner of Java island, on the Madura Strai ...
for his
MULO Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs (Dutch, "more advanced primary education") was during part of the twentieth century a level of education in the Netherlands, Suriname and the Dutch East Indies. The system was comparable with the junior high school l ...
middle school, then to
Malang Malang (; , ), historically known as Tumapel, is an inland List of regencies and cities of Indonesia, city in the Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province of East Java. It has a history dating back to the age of the Singhasari, Singhasari K ...
for
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. He continued his studies in Batavia, where he took a medical course at the ' (Batavia Medical College) from which he graduated in 1942. During his studies at Malang, he had joined the local chapter of the
Jong Islamieten Bond Jong Islamieten Bond (JIB) or ''Islamic Youth Association'' was a youth organization during the Dutch East Indies ruling established in Batavia on January 1, 1925. The organization was established by Indonesian young students with the first goa ...
.


Career

After graduating during the Japanese occupation period, Satrio began to work as a doctor's assistant. When the Japanese occupation forces set up the ''Ika Daigaku'' medical school, Satrio was appointed to head the anatomy department. During the
Indonesian National Revolution The Indonesian National Revolution (), also known as the Indonesian War of Independence (, ), was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during A ...
, Satrio joined the newly formed
Indonesian Red Cross The Indonesian Red Cross Society (, PMI) is a humanitarian organization in Indonesia. It is a member of International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Indonesia is one of the few Muslim world, Muslim-majority countries to use ...
(PMI), where he led the fast response team and commandeered motor vehicles to evacuate wounded soldiers during sporadic fighting in Jakarta whilst also training new medical staff. Due to the situation in Jakarta, Satrio opted to also establish PMI posts outside of Jakarta and evacuated medical supplies and teaching equipment of the former ''Ika Daigaku'' to
Klaten Klaten is a regency (''kabupaten'') in the Indonesian province of Central Java. Klaten is situated between the two major cities of Yogyakarta to its Southwest and Surakarta (colloqially known as Solo) to its Northeast. It covers an area of and ...
and
Yogyakarta Yogyakarta is the capital city of the Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by Hamengkubuwono, a monarchy, Yogyakarta is regarded as an importan ...
. Once the Dutch took control of Jakarta, Satrio moved to
Karawang Karawang (Kota Karawang or Karawang Kota) is the capital of the Karawang Regency of West Java, Indonesia. It is 32 miles east of Jakarta Jakarta (; , Betawi language, Betawi: ''Jakartè''), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( ...
, transporting supplies and equipment from Jakarta to the Karawang Hospital. While in Karawang, he was appointed as head doctor of the
Banten Banten (, , Pegon alphabet, Pegon: بنتن) is the westernmost Provinces of Indonesia, province on the island of Java, Indonesia. Its capital city is Serang and its largest city is Tangerang. The province borders West Java and the Special Capi ...
Division of the Republican forces, with a rank of lieutenant colonel. Throughout his service under the division, he led efforts to vaccinate residents around Banten against smallpox, injecting water buffaloes with smuggled smallpox ampoules in order to create enough vaccines for 240,000 people. He was later appointed deputy chief of
Indonesian Army The Indonesian Army ( (TNI-AD), ) is the army, land branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It has an estimated strength of 300,400 active personnel. The history of the Indonesian Army has its roots in 1945 when the (TKR) "People's Se ...
's health service. In the early 1950s, he worked mostly on the Army Central Hospital, though he also lectured anatomy at the
University of Indonesia The University of Indonesia (UI; ) is a public university in Depok, West Java and Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia. It is one of the oldest tertiary-level educational institutions in Indonesia (known as the Dutch East Indies when UI was established) ...
. Since 1957, he became an extraordinary lecturer there, renewing the curriculum and establishing an affiliate program with the
University of California The University of California (UC) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university, research university system in the U.S. state of California. Headquartered in Oakland, California, Oakland, the system is co ...
. Satrio was appointed as Junior Minister of Health in the
First Working Cabinet The First Working Cabinet () was an Indonesian cabinet that served from 10 July 1959 until 18 February 1960, when President Sukarno reshuffled it. Composition Cabinet Leadership *List of Prime Ministers of Indonesia, Prime Minister: Sukarno * D ...
on 10 July 1959. During his tenure, the healthcare ethics committee was formed (November 1959), and laws were passed which set the ministry's powers, along with arranging quarantine for ports of entry, disease outbreaks, general hygiene and the pharmaceutical industry. He also established programs to rehabilitate
leprosy Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a Chronic condition, long-term infection by the bacteria ''Mycobacterium leprae'' or ''Mycobacterium lepromatosis''. Infection can lead to damage of the Peripheral nervous system, nerves, respir ...
patients, and attempted to expand a
WHO The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations which coordinates responses to international public health issues and emergencies. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and has 6 regional offices and 15 ...
-backed malaria eradication program, which faced significant bureaucratic obstacles and thus budgetary cuts. With Indonesia's growing population, during the Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation period of the early 1960s, Satrio also launched an "Operation to Eradicate Ignorance in Nutrition" to reduce the impact of nutrition-related diseases. He also visited
Western New Guinea Western New Guinea, also known as Papua, Indonesian New Guinea, and Indonesian Papua, is the western half of the island of New Guinea, formerly Dutch and granted to Indonesia in 1962. Given the island is alternatively named Papua, the region ...
in 1963, shortly after the territory's takeover by Indonesia. By 1962, he held the military rank of major general, and was appointed by
Abdul Haris Nasution Abdul Haris Nasution (; 3 December 1918 – 6 September 2000) was a high-ranking Indonesian general and politician. He served in the military during the Indonesian National Revolution and remained in the military during the subsequent turmoil of ...
into a "Council of Generals". After the fall of Sukarno, he was replaced by G. A. Siwabessy. Following his ministerial tenure, Satrio was appointed as the inaugural surgeon general of the
Indonesian National Armed Forces The Indonesian National Armed Forces (; abbreviated as TNI) are the military forces of the Republic of Indonesia. It consists of the Indonesian Army, Army (''TNI-AD''), Indonesian Navy, Navy (''TNI-AL''), and Indonesian Air Force, Air Force ('' ...
. He served in this position between 11 December 1968 to 1 July 1970. Aside from establishing the institution and recruiting the necessary personnel, Satrio worked on medical insurance for service members, and was involved in the
family planning Family planning is the consideration of the number of children a person wishes to have, including the choice to have no children, and the age at which they wish to have them. Things that may play a role on family planning decisions include marit ...
program. He also served in the
People's Consultative Assembly The People's Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia (, MPR-RI) is the legislative branch in Indonesia's political system. It is composed of the members of a lower body, House of Representatives (DPR) and an upper body, Regional R ...
between 1968 and 1973. He was elected as General Chairman of the
Indonesian Red Cross The Indonesian Red Cross Society (, PMI) is a humanitarian organization in Indonesia. It is a member of International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Indonesia is one of the few Muslim world, Muslim-majority countries to use ...
on 28 March 1970. His tenure included activities in then newly annexed
East Timor Timor-Leste, also known as East Timor, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the coastal exclave of Oecusse in the island's northwest, and ...
, and humanitarian missions for
Vietnamese boat people Vietnamese boat people () were refugees who fled Vietnam by boat and ship following the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. This migration and humanitarian crisis was at its highest in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but continued well into the earl ...
at
Galang Island Galang (Indonesian: Pulau Galang) is an island of 80 km2 located 25 mi (40 km) southeast of Batam, belonging to a group of three islands called Barelang (an abbreviation of Batam-Rempang-Galang). Part of the Riau Archipelago, Indon ...
. He served as chairman until 17 September 1982, when he declined another nomination citing his health.


Death

He died on 5 May 1986 in
Bandung Bandung is the capital city of the West Java province of Indonesia. Located on the island of Java, the city is the List of Indonesian cities by population, fourth-most populous city and fourth largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta, Surabay ...
, West Java, while giving a speech to officer cadets of the armed forces. The Prof. Dr. Satrio Road, a major street in Jakarta, is named after him.


References


Bibliography

* * * * * {{cite book , title=Sejarah kesehatan nasional Indonesia: Jilid 3 , date=1980 , publisher= Ministry of Health , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LipFsFZXom4C , language=id, ref={{harvid, Ministry of Health, 1980b 1916 births 1986 deaths Indonesian generals People from Banyuwangi Regency Indonesian physicians Health ministers of Indonesia Indonesian military doctors