Sarvandikar (), also spelled ''Sarvanda k'ar'' (). It was the Frankish castle of ''Savranda'' and is officially known today as Savranda Kalesi. The site is a medieval castle in the former

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, also known as Cilician Armenia, Lesser Armenia, Little Armenia or New Armenia, and formerly known as the Armenian Principality of Cilicia, was an Armenian state formed during the High Middle Ages by Armenian ...

, located in Turkey's Osmaniye Province approximately 115 kilometers east of Adana.

Etymology

Sarvandik'ar or Sarvandakar () in old Armenian language means "Rocky plateau". Turkish settlers called this fortress Savranda.

Architecture and history

Savranda was built to guard the southern end of the Amanus Pass (or Syrian Gates). The fortress has two separate baileys that are heavily fortified with towers and sturdy curtain walls along the eastern and southern flanks, and protected at the north and west by steep rocky cliffs. Although there were brief periods of Byzantine occupation, the castle is primarily an Armenian construction which was commissioned by its Frankish lords. The first detailed historical and archaeological evaluation, including a surveyed plan of the entire complex, was completed in 1979 by R. W. Edwards. This complex is characterized by an irregular plan, which is carefully adapted to the outcrop, as well as round towers, a bent entrance, and a fine rusticated ashlar masonry. In addition, a small chapel was built into the perimeter wall just south of the gatehouse. In 1977 the Turkish government began the construction of a dam and hydroelectric station at the south end of the pass. Before the medieval village below the castle was destroyed a brief description was published.Robert W. Edwards, "Settlements and Toponymy in Armenian Cilicia," ''Revue des Études Arméniennes'' 24, 1993, pp. 199-201. Savranda castle was mentioned in 1069, when a band of

Seljuks The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids ( ; , ''Saljuqian'',) alternatively spelled as Saljuqids or Seljuk Turks, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture. The founder of th ...

passed through the Amanus near the castle and its

Byzantine The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived the events that caused the fall of the Western Roman E ...

garrison. During the

First Crusade The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the Middle Ages. The objective was the recovery of the Holy Land from Muslim conquest ...

the troops of Tancred, Prince of Galilee, occupied the fortress and in 1101-02 imprisoned Raymond of Saint-Gilles there. In 1135 the Rubenid Baron Levon I captured the fort. A year later Levon himself was captured by the Franks and was released only after paying a substantial ransom, which included Savranda. After similar exchanges of ownership between 1172 and 1185, the castle was firmly the Armenian possession of the Het'umid Baron Smbat and his heirs from the 1190s until 1298. At that time the

Mamluk Mamluk or Mamaluk (; (singular), , ''mamālīk'' (plural); translated as "one who is owned", meaning "slave") were non-Arab, ethnically diverse (mostly Turkic, Caucasian, Eastern and Southeastern European) enslaved mercenaries, slave-so ...

s temporarily occupied Savranda and returned in 1337 to end permanently Armenian suzerainty.

References

* ''Unknown crusader castles'' by Kristian Molin, Hambledon Continuum, 2001

External links

Château de Servantikar en Cilicie - an article in French

Servantikar at Forteresses D'Orient
(French)
Carefully documented photographic survey and plan of Savranda Castle / Sarvandikar
Crusader castles Armenian castles Castles in Turkey Buildings and structures in Osmaniye Province Archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region, Turkey {{Turkey-castle-stub

Etymology

Architecture and history

See also

References

External links