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Sarah Warren Keeler (3 May 1844 – 13 September 1899) was an American educator and teacher who founded and was principal of a school for the
deaf-mute Deaf-mute is a term which was used historically to identify a person who was either deaf and used sign language or both deaf and could not speak. The term continues to be used to refer to deaf people who cannot speak an oral language or have som ...
in New York. Keeler was born at
Candor Candor or candour may refer to: * Candor or parrhesia, the quality of speaking candidly in rhetoric * ''Candour'' (magazine), a British far-right magazine * "Candour", a song by Neck Deep from their 2014 album ''Wishful Thinking'' * Duty of cand ...
,
Tioga County, New York Tioga County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 48,455. Its county seat is Owego. Its name derives from an American Indian word meaning "at the forks", describing a meeting place. Tioga Co ...
in 1844. She graduated from the state normal school at Albany at the age of 17, and spent several years in teaching at various schools for young women. She next went to teach in the School for Improved Instruction of Deaf-Mutes in New York from 1875 to 1885 where she found her life's work, as she loved teaching the deaf. Her patient kindness won the love of her pupils. After leaving the institution, she was the principal of her own Keeler Private Articulation Class for Deaf-Mutes from 1885 to 1893, a private class for an average of nine students a year aged nine to eighteen taught by herself and her small staff, run in connection with her school for young women at various locations in New York before settling at 27 East Forty-Sixth Street. Keeler favoured the European method of teaching the
deaf Deafness has varying definitions in cultural and medical contexts. In medical contexts, the meaning of deafness is hearing loss that precludes a person from understanding spoken language, an audiological condition. In this context it is written ...
, which emphasized teaching of articulation through imitation of breathing patterns and larynx vibrations (
oralism Oralism is the education of deaf students through oral language by using lip reading, speech, and mimicking the mouth shapes and breathing patterns of speech.Through Deaf Eyes. Diane Garey, Lawrence R. Hott. DVD, PBS (Direct), 2007. Oralism ca ...
), rather than
sign language Sign languages (also known as signed languages) are languages that use the visual-manual modality to convey meaning, instead of spoken words. Sign languages are expressed through manual articulation in combination with non-manual markers. Sign l ...
. Some considered this method far better in restoring the deaf to society and giving them a fuller knowledge of
language Language is a structured system of communication. The structure of a language is its grammar and the free components are its vocabulary. Languages are the primary means by which humans communicate, and may be conveyed through a variety of ...
, but was mostly rejected in the United States in favor of sign language. In her obituary, her brother George Keeler wrote that at her school Keeler met "with unvarying success" in bringing the deaf "to a knowledge of the world outside of the silent one they occupied".''Histories of American Schools for the Deaf, 1817-1893''
The Volta Bureau, Washington (1893) - Google Books pp. 2-4
The obituary by her brother described Keeler as loving, kind and faithful as she went forward with her work. She took up and mastered German, French and Latin and in about 1890 she spent some time in Germany, Britain and France among some of the deaf schools there to learn anything that would assist in a better knowledge of how to teach the deaf.Keeler, Sarah Warren
'Scottish Schools for the Deaf'- ''American Annals of the Deaf''
Vol. 35, No. 4 (October 1890), pp. 257-260
She also graduated at the Woman's Law School. She graduated in June 1899 from the New York Law School. She went to Nyack to visit a pupil for the summer. She fell from her wheel and sprained her foot and knee, came back to New York for treatment, and had a paralytic stroke that rendered her speechless and paralysed her right side. She died at the Post-Graduate Hospital on September 13, 1899. She was buried at Candor, New York. Her brother wrote, "thus passed away a fond sister, loving, kind, genial, just as life seemed to be opening to the fullest." She was a member of the Madison Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, and a consistent, practical Christian from the age of 16. Her large circle of friends in New York and the home of her childhood remembered her as a friend who was always true.Keeler, George L.
''Proceedings of the Sixteenth Meeting of the Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf''
Government Printing Office, Washington (1902) - Google Books pp. 323-324


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keeler, Sarah Warren 1844 births 1899 deaths People from Candor, New York Educators of the deaf Founders of schools in the United States 19th-century American philanthropists