Sandokanidae is a family of

harvestmen The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an Order (biology), order of arachnids, Common name, colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs (see below). , over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered w ...

in the suborder

Laniatores Laniatores is the largest suborder of the arachnid order Opiliones with over 4,200 described species worldwide. The majority of the species are highly dependent on humid environments and usually correlated with tropical and temperate forest habit ...

, formerly referred to as

Oncopodidae Sandokanidae is a family of harvestmen in the suborder Laniatores, formerly referred to as Oncopodidae (the name was replaced because of the secondary homonymy of the type genus ''Oncopus'', replaced by ''Sandokan''; this made the change of fami ...

(the name was replaced because of the secondary homonymy of the type genus ''Oncopus'', replaced by ''Sandokan''; this made the change of family name mandatory)

Name

The name of the type genus is based on the name of a fictional Bornean prince-pirate.

Description

Sandokanidae range in body size from about 2–11 mm. Their legs are relatively short and stout. Most species are

amber Amber is fossilized tree resin. Examples of it have been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since the Neolithic times, and worked as a gemstone since antiquity."Amber" (2004). In Maxine N. Lurie and Marc Mappen (eds.) ''Encyclopedia ...

colored with some dark brown patterns. A few undescribed ''Gnomulus'' species are orange. (2007): Oncopodidae. Kury & Pérez G., 2002. In: Pinto-da-Rocha ''et al.'' 2007: 211ff

Distribution

This family is known from

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...

from Indonesia, almost reaching

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; , fossilized , also known as Papua or historically ) is the List of islands by area, world's second-largest island, with an area of . Located in Melanesia in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is ...

Waigeo Waigeo is an island in the Southwest Papua province of eastern Indonesia. The island is also known as Amberi or Waigiu. It is the largest of the four main islands in the Raja Ampat Islands archipelago, between Halmahera and about to the nort ...

, up north into the

Himalaya The Himalayas, or Himalaya ( ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest. More than 100 pea ...

n region.

Relationships

Sandokanidae are probably the sister group to all other

Grassatores The Grassatores Kury, 2002 are the most diverse infraorder of the Laniatores. It includes over 3,700 species distributed mainly in the tropicsKury, A.B.(2003). Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). '' Revi ...

Species

* '' Biantoncopus'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 :* '' Biantoncopus fuscus'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 —

Leyte Leyte ( ) is an island in the Visayas group of islands in the Philippines. It is eighth-largest and sixth-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total population of 2,626,970 as of 2020 census. Since the accessibility of land has been ...

(

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

) * '' Caenoncopus'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 —

Sumatra Sumatra () is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the list of islands by area, sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi. ...

:* '' Caenoncopus affinis'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 :* '' Caenoncopus cuspidatus'' (Schwendinger, 1992) :* '' Caenoncopus tenuis'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 * '' Gnomulus'' Thorell, 1890 :* '' Gnomulus aborensis'' (Roewer, 1913) —

Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh (; ) is a States and union territories of India, state in northeast India. It was formed from the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) region, and India declared it as a state on 20 February 1987. Itanagar is its capital and la ...

(northeast

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

) :* '' Gnomulus annulipes'' (Pocock, 1897) —

Sarawak Sarawak ( , ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. It is the largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia. Sarawak is located in East Malaysia in northwest Borneo, and is ...

(

Borneo Borneo () is the List of islands by area, third-largest island in the world, with an area of , and population of 23,053,723 (2020 national censuses). Situated at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, it is one of the Greater Sunda ...

) :* '' Gnomulus armillatus'' (Thorell, 1891) — Sumatra :* '' Gnomulus asli'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 — West

Malaysia Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. Featuring the Tanjung Piai, southernmost point of continental Eurasia, it is a federation, federal constitutional monarchy consisting of States and federal territories of Malaysia, 13 states and thre ...

:* '' Gnomulus baharu'' Schwendinger, in Martens & Schwendinger 1998 :* '' Gnomulus carinatus'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 —

Kalimantan Kalimantan (; ) is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo. It constitutes 73% of the island's area, and consists of the provinces of Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, and West Kalimantan. The non-Ind ...

(Indonesia) :* '' Gnomulus claviger'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 —

Luzon Luzon ( , ) is the largest and most populous List of islands in the Philippines, island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the List of islands of the Philippines, Philippine archipelago, it is the economic and political ce ...

(Philippines) :* '' Gnomulus coniceps'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 — Luzon :* '' Gnomulus conigerus'' (Schwendinger, 1992) —

Sabah Sabah () is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah has land borders with the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and Indonesia's North Kalima ...

(Malaysia) :* '' Gnomulus crassipes'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Luzon :* '' Gnomulus crucifer'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 — Luzon :* '' Gnomulus drescoi'' (Silhavy, 1962) — Sumatra :* '' Gnomulus exsudans'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Sabah :* '' Gnomulus goodnighti'' (Suzuki, 1977) —

Mindanao Mindanao ( ) is the List of islands of the Philippines, second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and List of islands by population, seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the ...

(Philippines) :* '' Gnomulus hamatus'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Luzon :* '' Gnomulus hirsutus'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 — West Malaysia :* '' Gnomulus hutan'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Sarawak :* '' Gnomulus hyatti'' (Martens, 1977) —

Nepal Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China Ch ...

:* '' Gnomulus imadatei'' (Suzuki, 1970) —

Brunei Brunei, officially Brunei Darussalam, is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Apart from its coastline on the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak, with ...

:* '' Gnomulus insularis'' (Roewer, 1927) —

Penang Penang is a Malaysian state located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia along the Strait of Malacca. It has two parts: Penang Island, where the capital city, George Town, is located, and Seberang Perai on the Malay Peninsula. Th ...

? (Malaysia) :* '' Gnomulus javanicus'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 —

Java Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea (a part of Pacific Ocean) to the north. With a population of 156.9 million people (including Madura) in mid 2024, proje ...

:* '' Gnomulus laevis'' (Roewer, 1915) —

:* '' Gnomulus lannaianus'' (Schwendinger, 1992) —

Thailand Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...

:* '' Gnomulus laruticus'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 — West Malaysia :* '' Gnomulus latoperculum'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Sulawesi :* '' Gnomulus leofeae'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Burma :* '' Gnomulus leyteensis'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 — Leyte :* '' Gnomulus lomani'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Borneo, Sumatra? :* '' Gnomulus maculatus'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 — Luzon :* '' Gnomulus marginatus'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Thailand :* '' Gnomulus matabesar'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 —

Halmahera Halmahera, formerly known as Jilolo, Gilolo, or Jailolo, is the largest island in the Maluku Islands. It is part of the North Maluku Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia, and Sofifi, the capital of the province, is located on the west coa ...

(Indonesia) :* '' Gnomulus minor'' N. Tsurusaki, 1990 —

:* '' Gnomulus monticola'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — West Malaysia :* '' Gnomulus obscurus'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Sarawak :* '' Gnomulus palawanensis'' (S. Suzuki, 1982) —

Palawan Palawan (, ), officially the Province of Palawan (; ), is an archipelagic province of the Philippines that is located in the region of Mimaropa. It is the largest province in the country in terms of total area of . The capital and largest c ...

(Philippines) :* '' Gnomulus piliger'' (Pocock, 1903) — Thailand :* '' Gnomulus pilosus'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — West Malaysia :* '' Gnomulus pulvillatus'' (Pocock, 1903) — West Malaysia :* '' Gnomulus rostratoideus'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — West Malaysia,

Singapore Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in Southeast Asia. The country's territory comprises one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet. It is about one degree ...

:* '' Gnomulus rostratus'' Thorell, 1890 — Penang :* '' Gnomulus ryssie'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Thailand :* '' Gnomulus sinensis'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 —

Sichuan Sichuan is a province in Southwestern China, occupying the Sichuan Basin and Tibetan Plateau—between the Jinsha River to the west, the Daba Mountains to the north, and the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau to the south. Its capital city is Cheng ...

(

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

) :* '' Gnomulus spiniceps'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 —

Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...

:* '' Gnomulus sumatranus'' Thorell, 1891 — Sumatra :* '' Gnomulus sundaicus'' (Schwendinger, 1992) — Sarawak :* '' Gnomulus thorelli'' (Sørensen, 1932) — Java :* '' Gnomulus tuberculatus'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Sumatra :* '' Gnomulus tumidifrons'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Halmahera * ''Sandokan'' Özdikmen & Kury, 2007 :* '' Sandokan doriae'' Thorell, 1876 — Sarawak :* '' Sandokan expatriatus'' (Schwendinger & Martens, 2004) — Thailand? :* '' Sandokan feae'' Thorell, 1890 — Penang :* '' Sandokan hosei'' Pocock, 1897 — Sarawak :* '' Sandokan lingga'' (Schwendinger & Martens, 2004) —

Lingga Islands The Lingga Regency () is a group of 600 islands in Indonesia, located south of Singapore and along both sides of the equator, off the eastern coast of Riau Province on Sumatra island. They are due south of the populated Riau Archipelago, known ...

(Indonesia) :* '' Sandokan malayanus'' (Schwendinger & Martens, 2004) — West Malaysia :* '' Sandokan megachelis'' (Schwendinger, 1992) — Sabah :* ''

Sandokan tiomanensis Sandokan is a fictional late 19th-century pirate created by Italian people, Italian author Emilio Salgari. His adventures first appeared in publication in 1883. Sandokan is the hero of 11 adventure novels. Within the series, Sandokan is known ...

'' (Schwendinger & Martens, 2004) —

Tioman Island Tioman Island () is , off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, more specifically off the east coast of Rompin District, Pahang, Malaysia. It is long and wide and has seven villages, the largest and most populous being Kampung Tekek on the ...

(Malaysia) :* '' Sandokan truncatus'' Thorell, 1891 — Singapore * '' Palaeoncopus'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 — Sumatra :* '' Palaeoncopus gunung'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 :* '' Palaeoncopus katik'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 :* '' Palaeoncopus kerdil'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998

References

* 's Biology Catalog
Oncopodidae
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3471872 Harvestmen Harvestman families