Sandbox (missile)

The P-500 ''Bazalt'' (; ) is a turbojet-powered, supersonic cruise missile used by the Soviet and Russian navies. Its GRAU designation is 4K80 and its NATO reporting name is SS-N-12 ''Sandbox'', its upgraded version being the P-1000 Vulkan AShM SLCM.

History

Developed by OKB-52 MAP (later NPO Mashinostroyeniya), it entered service to replace the SS-N-3 ''Shaddock'' (Russian designation: P-5 ''Pyatyorka''). The P-500 Bazalt was first deployed in 1975 on the , and was later added to both the and the s, replacing their ''Pyatyorka''/''Shaddock'' missiles. A version of the P-500 Bazalt with improved guidance and engines is used on the s. The sixteen launch tubes flanking the superstructure are an unmistakable characteristic of this cruiser class.

Description

The P-500 Bazalt has a 550 km range and a payload of 1,000 kg, which allows it to carry a 350 kt nuclear or a 950 kg semi-armor-piercing high-explosive warhead. The P-500 Bazalt uses active radar homing for terminal guidance, and can receive mid-course correction from the Tupolev Tu-95RTs Bear D, the Kamov Ka-25K Hormone B and the Kamov Ka-31.

The missiles were intended to be used in salvos – a submarine could launch eight in rapid succession, maintaining control of each through a separate datalink. In flight the group could co-ordinate their actions. One would fly to a higher altitude and use its active radar to search for targets, forwarding this data to the other missiles which remained at low altitude.

The missiles were programmed so that half of a salvo would head for a carrier target, with the rest dividing between other ships. If the high-flying missile was shot down, another from the salvo would automatically pop up to take its place. All of the missiles would switch to active radar for the terminal phase of the attack.

P-1000 Vulkan

An improved version of the P-500 was installed on three Echo II submarines towards the end of the Cold War. The P-1000 Vulkan (GRAU 3M70) presumably has the same firing range and maximum speed with the P-500 Bazalt (range 800 km). The missile weight was increased by 1–2 tons. The missile has a turbojet engine and a starting powder accelerator. High-altitude flight regimes are presumably the same as that of the P-500.

The P-1000 was ordered on 15 May 1979 from NPO Mashinostroyeniya Chelomey. It first flew in July 1982 and was accepted for service on 18 December 1987. It was installed on three Echo II submarines of the Northern Fleet between 1987 and 1993. The conversion of two units of the Pacific Fleet, the K-10 and K-34, was abandoned due to lack of funds.

Of the submarines that did receive the P-1000, the K-1 was decommissioned after a reactor accident in 1989, the K-35 was stricken in 1993 and the K-22 in 1995. The P-1000 has been installed on the ''Slava''-class cruiser ''Varyag'', and some sources reported P-1000 missiles on her sister ship ''Moskva''.

File:SS-N-12 missile launch tubes on the Kiev (1976).JPEG, Eight SS-N-12 launchers on the bow of the aircraft carrying cruiser ''Kiev''
File:Submarine Echo II class.jpg, Fourteen Echo II-class submarines were upgraded to carry the P-500, and three of those went on to receive the P-1000 Vulkan. The distinctive notches on the Echo's hulls redirect the exhaust of the P-500 during launch.
File:US Navy 100625-G-7265M-396 Russian Sailors man the rails as Russian navy missile-cruiser Varyag departs San Francisco Bay.jpg, Eight pairs of P-500 canisters are a distinctive feature of Slava class cruisers; those on the '' Varyag'' (pictured) have been upgraded to the P-1000 Vulkan.

Operators

Current
;
*Russian Navy

Former
;
*Soviet Navy

See also

*P-700 Granit
* P-5/P-35
* Operation Ivy Bells

References

External links

MARITIME STRIKE The Soviet PerspectiveRussian/Sovjet Sea-based Anti-Ship Missiles

{{Use dmy dates, date=June 2017

Cruise missiles
P-500
P-500
Cruise missiles of the Cold War
Nuclear missiles of the Cold War
Surface-to-surface missiles of the Soviet Union
NPO Mashinostroyeniya products
Military equipment introduced in the 1970s