San of Wa (讃) was a king of Wa in the first half of the

5th century The 5th century is the time period from AD 401 (represented by the Roman numerals CDI) through AD 500 (D) in accordance with the Julian calendar. The 5th century is noted for being a period of migration and political instability throughout Eurasia. ...

(middle of the Kofun era). He was the brother of

Chin The chin is the forward pointed part of the anterior mandible (List_of_human_anatomical_regions#Regions, mental region) below the lower lip. A fully developed human skull has a chin of between 0.7 cm and 1.1 cm. Evolution The presence of a we ...

, the first of the "

Five kings of Wa The were kings of ancient Japan ( Wa) who sent envoys to China during the 5th century to strengthen the legitimacy of their claims to power by gaining the recognition of the Chinese emperor. Details about them are unknown. According to written re ...

" (although San is not seen as a king in the historical record). Some have compared him to either the 15th

Emperor Ojin The word ''emperor'' (from , via ) can mean the male ruler of an empire. ''Empress'', the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), mother/grandmother (empress dowager/grand empress dowager), or a woman who rules ...

, the 16th

Emperor Nintoku , also known as was the 16th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Due to his reputation for goodness derived from depictions in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, he is sometimes referred to as the . While his existence ...

, or the 17th

Emperor Richu The word ''emperor'' (from , via ) can mean the male ruler of an empire. ''Empress'', the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), mother/grandmother (empress dowager/grand empress dowager), or a woman who rules ...

Records

Book of Song

;

Song Book A song book is a book containing lyrics for songs. Song books may be simple composition books or spiral-bound notebooks. Music publishers also produced printed editions for group singing. Such volumes were used in the United States by piano man ...

, Chronicles In the

Book of Song The ''Book of Song'' (''Sòng Shū'') is a historical text of the Liu Song dynasty of the Southern Dynasties of China. It covers history from 420 to 479, and is one of the Twenty-Four Histories, a traditional collection of historical records. ...

, the

Emperor Wu of Song Emperor Wu of (Liu) Song (()宋武帝; 16 April 363– 26 June 422), personal name Liu Yu (), courtesy name Dexing (), childhood name Jinu (),(皇考以高祖生有奇異，名為奇奴。皇妣既殂，養于舅氏，改為寄奴焉。) ''Song S ...

issued an imperial decree in the 2nd year of Yongchou (

421 __NOTOC__ Year 421 ( CDXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Agricola and Eustathius (or, less frequently, year 1174 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denominat ...

), ordering the

Liu Song dynasty Song, known as Liu Song (), Former Song (前宋) or Song of (the) Southern dynasties (南朝宋) in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties peri ...

to grant Wu of Song a title for his tribute from Wanli. : In the 2nd year of Yuanjia ( 425), San also sent Cao Da, a librarian, to the Song dynasty to present a written appeal to

Wen Wen, wen, or WEN may refer to: * One of several Chinese surnames: ** Wen (surname 文) ** Wen (surname 溫) ** Wen (surname 闻) * Wen, alternate spelling for Wynn (Ƿ ƿ), a letter of the Old English alphabet * Wen, common name for trichilemmal ...

, and presented him with local specialties. Later, after San's death, his younger brother Jin stood as king.『東アジア民族史 1 正史東夷伝（東洋文庫264）』平凡社、1974年、pp. 309-313『倭国伝中国正史に描かれた日本（講談社学術文庫2010）』講談社、2010年、pp. 117-123 ; The Book of Song (Song shu), Book of the Chronicles (Song shu), Book of the Chronicles (Song shu) : The Wen Di Ji, Yuan Jia 7 ( 430 years), Sho Tsuki article states that the king of Japan sent an envoy to present a fang material (a san or jin envoy?).

Book of Liang

In the

Book of Liang The ''Book of Liang'' () was compiled under Yao Silian and completed in 635. Yao heavily relied on an original manuscript by his father Yao Cha, which has not independently survived, although Yao Cha's comments are quoted in several chapters. ...

, the article on Japan states that there was a "tribute" to the king of Japan when

Emperor An of Jin Emperor An of Jin (; 382 – 28 January 419), personal name Sima Dezong (), was an emperor of the Eastern Jin dynasty (266–420), Jin in China. He was described as so developmental disability, developmentally disabled that he was unable to speak ...

of the Jin (

Eastern Jin Eastern or Easterns may refer to: Transportation Airlines *China Eastern Airlines, a current Chinese airline based in Shanghai * Eastern Air, former name of Zambia Skyways *Eastern Air Lines, a defunct American airline that operated from 192 ...

), and that when An died, his younger brother Ya stood up.『東アジア民族史 1 正史東夷伝（東洋文庫264）』平凡社、1974年、pp. 315-319

History of the Southern Dynasties

In the article of

History of the Southern Dynasties The ''History of the Southern Dynasties'' is one of the official Chinese historical works in the ''Twenty-Four Histories'' canon. It contain 80 volumes and covers the period from 420 to 589, the histories of the Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang, ...

, the Japanese envoys and tributes during the reign of Emperor An of the Jin dynasty and the contents of the Song Book of Biography are described.

Others

According to the article in the

Book of Jin The ''Book of Jin'' is an official Chinese historical text covering the history of the Jin dynasty (266–420), Jin dynasty from 266 to 420. It was compiled in 648 by a number of officials commissioned by the imperial court of the Tang dynasty, ...

, in the 9th year of the reign of Emperor An ( 413), Goguryeo and Japan sent an envoy to offer a variety of goods (one theory is that it was an envoy from the Emperor Hsin). In the "

Taiping Yulan The ''Taiping Yulan'', translated as the ''Imperial Reader'' or ''Readings of the Taiping Era'', is a massive Chinese '' leishu'' encyclopedia compiled by a team of scholars from 977 to 983. It was commissioned by the imperial court of the Son ...

" an anecdote in the "Ukihee Kiyoi Note" states that the tribute included "a ginseng and other items offered by the Japanese government.

References

Bibliography

* 事典類 ** ** ** *** 坂元義種「倭の五王」、「讃」 ** ** ** - リンクは朝日新聞社「コトバンク」 * その他文献 ** **

External links

漢籍電子文献資料庫
- 台湾中央研究院 {{Yamatai Five kings of Wa Pages with unreviewed translations