Samuel Stillman Boyd (May 27, 1807 – May 21, 1867), often referred to as S. S. Boyd or Judge Boyd, was a prominent attorney in early 19th-century Mississippi and one of the Natchez nabobs who stood at the apex of antebellum Mississippi society. He also served briefly as a judge (possibly for just one special case), invested in cotton agriculture, speculated in real estate, engaged in large-scale enslavement, and advocated for pro-slavery causes. Boyd wielded significant political influence in his community, initially as a leader in the Whig Party. His name was considered for a seat on the U.S. Supreme Court in 1852 and 1860. In addition to his legal career, Boyd entered into a business partnership with Rice C. Ballard, a former slave trader. Together, they established an "empire of plantations." Ballard's business records at the University of North Carolina provide valuable insights into American slavery and the slave trade, shedding light on Boyd's personal and professional endeavors. In the 21st century, Boyd is primarily remembered for letters detailing his mistreatment of enslaved African-American women. In one of the letters, another white man, a newspaper publisher and former municipal mayor, begs for help (from Boyd's business partner Ballard) in his attempt to rescue a woman Boyd enslaved, describing her suffering as blood streamed down her body as she was being whipped for offending Boyd in some way. In another letter, an enslaved woman wrote from exile in a slave trader's pen, shaming Boyd for his treatment of her after Boyd raped her and she gave birth to at least one of his children. Boyd also fathered a son by a third woman whom he enslaved and raped; this man's white half-sisters later hired him to manage family plantations.

Biography

Early life and education

Boyd was born in Portland, in what was then Massachusetts' District of Maine, as the fourth-born child of future Maine State Treasurer Joseph Coffin Boyd and Isabella Southgate. Through his paternal grandmother, he was second cousins with the abolitionist Joshua Coffin. His mother, Isabella Southgate, was educated at Leicester Academy in the 1790s and was remembered decades later for both her beauty and her "extraordinary mind". Through her, Boyd was a cousin to Eliza Southgate Bowne and a grandnephew of Founding Father Rufus King. Boyd graduated as valedictorian of his Bowdoin College class of 1826. He delivered an address upon graduation on the topic of ''The Nature of Revolutions, and Their Influence on the Condition of Man''. Boyd was two years behind future U.S. President Franklin Pierce at Bowdoin, and was also a classmate of future U.S. Representative S. S. Prentiss. Both Boyd and Prentiss settled in Mississippi and occasionally faced each other in court.

Move to Mississippi, legal career

Boyd commenced his law practice in 1828 in Wilkinson County, Mississippi, Wilkinson County, and in 1836, he relocated to Natchez, Mississippi, situated in Adams County, Mississippi, Adams County. There, he established his residence and remained for his life. In his ''Recollections of Mississippi and Mississippians'' (1889), former U.S. Representative Reuben Davis (representative), Reuben Davis hailed Boyd as one of the "great men of Natchez". In 1836, the Rodney, Mississippi ''Telegraph'' newspaper reported Boyd's candidacy for criminal court judge for a five-county area. In 1839, Boyd ran as a candidate for the Whig Party (United States), Whig Party in the Mississippi State Senate. Boyd's attempts at political office appear to have been fruitless, but he succeeded as an attorney. After settling permanently in Natchez, he established a law firm in partnership with Alexander Montgomery (Mississippi lawyer), Alexander Montgomery. One historical account described Montgomery & Boyd as "a firm of high rank." Boyd was logical, highly educated, articulate, maintained a scholarly demeanor, and well-versed in legal matters. According to John Francis Hamtramck Claiborne, another U.S. Congressman from Mississippi, "no man commanded more confidence and respect throughout the State". According to Dunbar Rowland's ''Encyclopedia of Mississippi History'' (1907), Boyd's firm defended the will of Isaac Ross (planter), Isaac Ross in a notable lawsuit brought by heirs, and in 1837, as a special judge, Boyd delivered the opinion of the High Court in the famous case of ''Vick vs. Vicksburg'', although it was later reversed by the United States Supreme Court. Some sources credit Boyd as having served as a judge on the Mississippi High Court of Errors and Appeals in 1837, although it's uncertain if this was a permanent position or for a brief period. "Judge Boyd" was quite likely a general honorific rather than a professional title; as historian D. Clayton James wrote of the tight-knit group of wealthy white capitalists who lived in and around Natchez: "It would be difficult to find an antebellum newspaper reference to a Natchez nabob without a title such as 'Colonel' or 'Major.'" In 1838, Boyd wed Catherine Charlotte Wilkins, the daughter of James C. Wilkins. James Wilkins had served in the Mississippi Territorial Legislature and was a prominent early banker in Mississippi. It was through Catherine's inheritance that Boyd acquired a grand residence just outside Natchez known as Arlington (Natchez, Mississippi), Arlington. Over time, Boyd utilized his wealth to establish a "fine old library" and adorn the home with artwork and furnishings from Italy. Harnett T. Kane's ''Natchez on the Mississippi'' states that, "He acquired one or two collections of paintings from impoverished British noblemen. To the splendor acquired by the Widow White, the Boyds added signed bronzes, figures in marble, and sets of oils that covered many walls. Romanticism was the theme, florid and flower-hung, the work of Italians and Spaniards; Magdalen in the Desert, Magdalenes in the Desert ran rampant." Arlington was part of a clutch of "suburban" mansions encircling Natchez that functioned more as symbols of affluence through conspicuous consumption than as traditional plantations. While cash crops like cotton and sugar were cultivated on distant labor-intensive plantations, these suburban estates served primarily as showcases of opulence. During Boyd's lifetime at Arlington, he turned the land around the house into "a wooded park, installing a gazebo or summer house, love seats among the floral patterns, and a rose garden." In 1843, Boyd's younger sister, Augusta Murray Boyd, married future Confederate general Lloyd Tilghman. On January 17, 1844, a free person of color named William Johnson (barber), William Johnson made an entry in his journal stating: "Baylor Winn brought up the three servants belonging to Judge Boyd. He told me that he caught them down in the woods close to the mouth of St. Catherine Creek National Wildlife Refuge, St. Catherine. He brought them up this morning. Young Gim Kenney has made his escape. He was the cause of their running away. They were put in jail.

Ballard and business

In 1839, Boyd assumed a directorial role at the Planter's Bank of Natchez, which was one of his father-in-law's enterprises. Around 1840, Boyd formed a connection with Rice C. Ballard, previously a prominent slave trader associated with the Franklin and Armfield Office, Franklin & Armfield company. Collaboratively, Boyd and Ballard established a network of slave-labor camps dedicated to cotton production for the lucrative international market. Although the precise ownership structure remains somewhat unclear, researchers estimate that they collectively invested in approximately 10 to 16 plantations. According to historian Tomoko Yagyu, "These plantations were typically owned jointly by Ballard and Boyd, although Boyd held sole ownership of some, and Ballard partnered with others for ownership." Operating primarily from Kentucky, Ballard entrusted Boyd and his brother James Boyd with the close management and administration of around twelve or so labor-intensive plantations within the Cotton Kingdom. These included Bushy Bayou, Elcho, Elk, Golden Plains, Karnac, Laurell Hill, Lepine, Magnolia, Outpost plantation (also known as Pecan Grove), Providence, Quattlebum, Wagram, and Woodland plantations. Additionally, there were possibly other plantations such as Forest Hill, Myrtle Grove, and Pine Mount, where Boyd and Ballard may have been involved. Mississippi River north of Natchez circa 1862

Mississippi River north of Natchez circa 1862

Altogether, Boyd and Ballard collectively held approximately a thousand individuals in bondage across Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. At the time of the 1840 Natchez tornado businessmen "Mr. Ruffner and S. J. Boyd Esq." estimated the financial loss to be . Letters from 1844, 1846, 1849, and 1852 make mention of attempted escapes by individuals or groups. In 1852, authorities in Wilkinson County, Mississippi, detained a 38-year-old man named Prince, who asserted that he was the legal property of "S. S. Boyd, near Natchez." In 1857, Boyd acquired over 2,000 acres of "wild land" in Concordia Parish, Louisiana, for approximately . According to Yagyu, "Boyd was a discerning land speculator, constantly vigilant, and always seeking out the finest lands for investment. He would frequently forward newspaper clippings of plantation sales in the area to Ballard and solicit his opinion. While Boyd was interested in any land that promised profit, he showed particular enthusiasm for affordable sugar plantations"

Political activism

As a literate, native-born white adult male with land ownership, Boyd was entitled to engage in the democratic processes of his era. The course of his political affiliations in the pre-war lower Mississippi Valley somewhat mirrored the changing politics that led to the South's disunionism.

1848 presidential election: Dems in disarray

During an 1848 Whig Party political gathering, Boyd contended, as reported by the Natchez ''Mississippi Free Trader'', that "Slavery... was neither an institution nor strictly speaking property. It was a domestic relation; and seemed to Inference, infer, as a deduction, from this proposition that no man was safe who did not assume this to be the definition of the term. Of course General Cass was unsafe, as he was not a slave-holder". Following the election, Boyd gained widespread attention in 1848 when his account of a casual conversation with fellow Mississippi planter Zachary Taylor spread nationwide. According to Boyd's report, Taylor expressed a strong commitment to safeguarding slavery in the existing Slave states and free states, slave states. Boyd recounted Taylor's belief that the appropriate response to any efforts by free states to abolish slavery nationwide would be "drawing the sword and throwing away the scabbard". The news report stated that Boyd indicated Taylor "will go with the free States on the Tariff in United States history#Second Party System, 1829–1859, tariff and internal improvement questions, and with the slave States on the Slave states and free states, free soil question". This sparked intense debate in the press regarding its implications, if any, for the expansion of slavery in the newly colonized and settled territories to the west. One news analysis referred to Boyd as "radical on the slavery question".

Antebellum politics

In 1851, Montgomery and Boyd dissolved their law partnership, although Boyd would "continue in the practice of his profession as before". Also that year, Boyd was among several financial supporters of Narciso López's freelance military invasion of Cuba, where American pro-slavery activists hoped to advance the expansion of their peculiar institution. According to a history of Boyd's mother's family published in 1907, Millard Fillmore considered Boyd for an appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1852, following the death of Associate Justice John McKinley. Boyd remained active in the Whig Party at the regional level. He refused to serve as Whig elector in 1852 because of his opposition to candidate Winfield Scott. In 1854, Boyd was selected to assist in revising the Mississippi criminal code, but he resigned before making a contribution and was replaced. Boyd's most significant political action of the decade could have been a comprehensive and scholarly speech where he upheld the Compromise of 1850 as constitutionally justified and strategically advantageous for proponents of slavery. Additionally, he posited that slavery in the United States was attributable to Britain's actions while also alleging that abolitionism was a component of a British conspiracy against the U.S. Most importantly, he opposed secession (which increasingly— or perhaps continuously since the nullification crisis, Nullification Crisis— was being advocated by the South Carolinian political contingent led by "Robert Barnwell Rhett, Mr. Rhett"). Boyd argued that there was no Constitutional constitutionally protected right of people or states to secede (and very intentionally so on the part of Founding Fathers of the United States, the founders). Boyd also commended Andrew Jackson for his role in disrupting past attempts at disunion.

American Civil War

In 1860, Ballard died, and Boyd was appointed as the administrator of his estate. Natchez was a nest of Fire Eaters in the years immediately prior to the American Civil War, and Boyd must have been considered a leader of among them as he was appointed in February 1860 to represent Mississippi at a "Southern states-rights conference...but, since only Mississippi and South Carolina sent delegations to Atlanta, the meeting to discuss Southern grievances did not transpire." Additionally, during the same year eventful year, there was a push for U.S. President James Buchanan to nominate Boyd to fill the vacant seat on the United States Supreme Court following the passing of Associate Justice Peter V. Daniel. In December 1860, multiple List of counties in Mississippi, Mississippi counties were selecting delegates at Southern Rights Conventions to participate in a broader state convention, which ultimately ratified the Mississippi Secession Ordinance in January 1861. S. S. Boyd was elected from Adams County, Mississippi, Adams County. Other proto-Confederate representatives elected around the same time included Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar, L. Q. C. Lamar of Lafayette County, Mississippi, Lafayette County and A. P. Hill of Madison County, Mississippi, Madison County. However, Boyd did not ultimately participate in the Mississippi secession convention. In October 1862, "Boyd, S. S." appears on the muster roll of a Confederate militia as a member of Company B, "District Composing all North Side of Main Street" in Natchez. Natchez was occupied by the U.S. Army following Ulysses S. Grant's Siege of Vicksburg, capture of Vicksburg on July 4, 1863. In 1864, Boyd was apparently a featured player in a cycle of hostage-and-ransom-taking between enemies; after the Confederates forcibly relocated a family of eight Southern Unionist civilians, the U.S. Army charged Boyd $5,000 in 1864 to stay out of "Brookhaven, Mississippi, Brookhaven. This story also appears in a footnote in Matilda Gresham's ''The Life of Walter Q. Gresham'', with a comment that the news clipping was provided by Allen T. Bowie, and with a secondary note that "The claim of Judge Boyd's relatives and friends is that General Brayman appropriated the $5,000 to his own use. [Boyd's son-in-law] James Surget states that he paid the money in currency to General Brayman, and that it never went in the poor fund." Nonetheless, Boyd was readmitted to the Union in 1865; according to one history of Natchez, "'Planters who had not yet taken the amnesty oath hastened to do so now to regain control of their property. Past allegiances were quickly forgotten. 'Shields, Boyd, Metcalfs [sic] &c nearly all the other Fire-Eaters, fireeaters have taken [the oath],' sniped the Unionist Frank Surget in June. 'In fact as is always the case the most rabid come forward first'".

Death, estate, descendants

Boyd died at his residence near Natchez in June 1867. The local bar association offered their condolences upon hearing the news of his death. His library at Arlington reportedly housed "8,000 books published in twelve languages". An Aubusson tapestry, Aubusson carpet from the house was reportedly looted during the Reconstruction era. When probate was filed in December 1867, Boyd's legally acknowledged family was scattered between New Orleans, France, and England. In 1907, a history reported that "Arlington, on the edge of the town, and approached by a winding avenue of Quercus nigra, water oaks, was the former home of Judge S. S. Boyd and famed for its paintings and fine old library; it is now owned by his daughter, Mrs. Wm. Benneville Rhodes." Arlington remained in the hands of Boyd's family until around 1913. In Harnett T. Kane's telling, "Years later Arlington was mortgaged, and there came a foreclosure of building and furnishings...it lost its owner but stayed intact, to the last terra cotta figure and final crystal pendant. For the bank it was only a big place best classified as an annoyance. Retainers boarded up windows, draped furniture in ghostlike hangings while the rats gnawed the Judge's books and oils cracked in their frames. When two visitors liked it, the bank was glad to get rid of Arlington. The owner died, the widow left, again the building stood empty; and tales rose once more of Jane White's spirit, gliding along the damp floors." Among Boyd's surviving children was a man named James Boyd, born to one of the women whom Boyd had enslaved. In later life, James Boyd became a "plantation manager and a well-to-do entrepreneur." According to descendants, as reported in Florence Ridlon's ''A Black Physician's Struggle for Civil Rights: Edward C. Mazique, M.D'':

Letters

In the 21st century, Boyd has gained notoriety through the preserved correspondence of his business partner, the Rice C. Ballard Papers held in the Wilson Special Collections Library at the University of North Carolina. Specifically, letters concerning Boyd's involvement with two enslaved women, Maria, and Virginia Boyd, have been extensively referenced in recent literature on American slavery. While Boyd is not explicitly named in either, the majority of historical analysis suggests that Boyd is the subject.

J. M. Duffield to Ballard, 29 May 1848, folder 127 & J. M. Duffield to Ballard, 5 August 1848, folder 131

There are two letters that refer to a woman named Maria, "lashed as she is like an ox, until the blood gushes from her". The letters, dating back to 1848, were written to Ballard by John Martin Duffield, a local attorney who had served as mayor of Natchez in 1843, and who was the editor of the ''Natchez Courier'' newspaper. Duffield likely had a past sexual relationship with Maria and was the father of Maria's child. He wrote to Ballard asking to buy Maria to save her from further abuse by Boyd. According to historian Yagyu, Duffield was "not able to pay cash for her initially, and he had to wait for a pending attorney fee to purchase her". Yagyu notes that "no matter how soon" Maria was released from Boyd's custody, she would have already been brutalized, resulting in long-term consequences. Edward E. Baptist surmises that Boyd had Maria "repeatedly flogged until she was maimed and sterileall, it seems, for refusing his advances". According to historian Sharony Green: Similarly, although Boyd seems to have been the perpetrator of the violence in the case of Maria, in another instance, he fired an overseer he deemed a "monster of cruelty," who was "going on at such a rate that Steele had to protect the negroes".

Virginia Boyd to Ballard, 6 May 1853, folder 191

Also among the letters is a remarkable missive from one Virginia Boyd. According to the collection finding aid at the University of North Carolina, on May 6, 1853, Virginia, who was pregnant, wrote to Ballard from a trafficker's yard in Texas, begging for his intervention and help to prevent her sale (folder 191). This letter is particularly poignant because of Virginia's condemnation of a man (apparently not Ballard; perhaps Boyd) who could sell his own children as well as their mother. A letter dated August 8, 1853, from C. M. Rutherford reported that Virginia Boyd and one of her children had been sold but that her oldest child had not (folder 196). Virginia Boyd was likely held near Natchez until the summer of 1852 when, due to some unknown consequence of her having been raped by Boyd, Ballard decided to relocate her to the Karnac plantation near Port Gibson, Mississippi, Port Gibson. Boyd approved of the decision, expressing to Ballard that he did not wish "to be bothered by her, & if she will not behave, put her in the stocks until you send her off". Pregnant at the time, Virginia was subsequently sent to New Orleans and then further to Houston. The slave trader trusted to handle the sale eventually reported by letter that Virginia and her newborn child had been sold, as instructed by Ballard. Virginia's teenage daughter was also slated for sale, likely in Mississippi. Historian Baptist writes, "Boyd had created a problem. Ballard had solved it. If Virginia sent any more letters, they did not survive. Most likely, Virginia wilted and died in a Texas field." Green comments that Virginia Boyd's letter "uncovers sexual relations that routinely happened, even if they were rarely discussed, between enslaved women and white men in the plantation South". Another scholar deems Virginia Boyd's letter "among the most revealing pieces of extant enslaved correspondence". It is notable for its disclosures, its rhetorical and emotional argumentation, and as correspondence from an enslaved person who was formerly a trusted "key slave" now writing "at the point of forced migration via sale, hire, or slaveholder relocation... who had either fallen from favor and were endeavoring to save themselves from the market, or else were writing on behalf of others whose sale or hire they sought to prevent, or at least to shape in some way". Sharony Green elsewhere commended Ballard for his contribution to the historiography of female slavery in the United States:

Notes

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* * * 1807 births 1867 deaths 19th-century American businesspeople 19th-century American lawyers American cotton plantation owners 19th-century American planters American rapists American slave owners Bowdoin College alumni Businesspeople from Mississippi Fire-Eaters History of slavery in Mississippi Mississippi lawyers Mississippi Whigs Northern-born Confederates People from Portland, Maine People from Natchez, Mississippi People of Mississippi in the American Civil War History of Natchez, Mississippi {{DEFAULTSORT:Boyd, Samuel S.