Samuel Crumbine
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Dr. Samuel Jay Crumbine (September 17, 1862 – July 12, 1954) was an American physician and
public health Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". Analyzing the de ...
official who introduced numerous initiatives to stop the spread of
communicable disease An infection is the invasion of tissue (biology), tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host (biology), host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmis ...
s such as
tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is a contagious disease usually caused by ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can al ...
, mostly in the state of
Kansas Kansas ( ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Nebraska to the north; Missouri to the east; Oklahoma to the south; and Colorado to the west. Kansas is named a ...
. He campaigned against the common drinking cup, the common towel, and spitting in public to prevent the spread of communicable diseases. He was also involved in the creation of the modern flyswatter with his "Swat the Fly" campaign, which was designed to stop the spread of diseases from flies and other insects.


Early life and education

Crumbine was born on September 17, 1862, in
Emlenton, Pennsylvania Emlenton is a borough (Pennsylvania), borough in Clarion County, Pennsylvania, Clarion and Venango County, Pennsylvania, Venango counties in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The population was 625 at the 2010 census. Of these, 617 were in Venango ...
, to Sarah and Samuel J. Krumbine. His father died while imprisoned at
Libby Prison Libby Prison was a Confederate States of America, Confederate prison at Richmond, Virginia, during the American Civil War. In 1862 it was designated to hold officer prisoners from the Union Army, taking in numbers from the nearby Seven Days battl ...
in
Richmond, Virginia Richmond ( ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the Commonwealth (U.S. state), U.S. commonwealth of Virginia. Incorporated in 1742, Richmond has been an independent city (United States), independent city since 1871. ...
during the
Civil War A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...
. As a result, Crumbine and his mother lived with his maternal grandmother until he was eight, when he was sent off to a boarding school for orphans in Mercer, Pennsylvania. There, Crumbine began spelling his last name with a "C" instead of a "K." He graduated at sixteen and began working at a drug store in Sugar Grove, Pennsylvania, where he first began working with human medicine. Following this, Crumbine relocated to
Cincinnati Cincinnati ( ; colloquially nicknamed Cincy) is a city in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. Settled in 1788, the city is located on the northern side of the confluence of the Licking River (Kentucky), Licking and Ohio Ri ...
and studied medicine under a local physician. Upon completion of his studies, he moved to Spearville, Kansas, and acquired a stake in a local drug store as well as continuing his medical practice. Soon after, he returned to Cincinnati and studied at the Cincinnati College of Medicine, returning to Spearville during breaks from school. He graduated top of his class in 1889.


Career


Private practice in Dodge City

After graduating, Crumbine moved to Dodge City, Kansas, to set up his medical practice. Within the city, outbreaks of
cholera Cholera () is an infection of the small intestine by some Strain (biology), strains of the Bacteria, bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae''. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea last ...
and
smallpox Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by Variola virus (often called Smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus '' Orthopoxvirus''. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (W ...
were common, as was distrust of science-based medicine. Early on in Dodge City, Crumbine made strides to prevent communicable disease outbreaks in the town. He convinced the local Harvey House diner to switch out communal milk pitchers with individual milk bottles, a move which would eventually be enacted across diners statewide. Additionally, Crumbine helped do away with pest houses within the town, instead advocating for the sick to stay home and for the rest of the population to get vaccinated. During this time, he also served two terms as the coroner of Ford County. In 1900, Crumbine saved the life of the sick child of Ford County Attorney Edmond Madison, who held powerful connections within state Republican circles. As thanks, Madison convinced governor William Eugene Stanley to appoint him to the nine-man State Board of Health, which Crumbine accepted. By 1904, he was given the title of secretary by his peers on the board, meaning he was the overall director of the board. With the new position, Crumbine left Dodge City for Topeka, while still maintaining his private practice. However, by 1907, Crumbine abandoned his private practice to serve as secretary full-time.


Large-scale public health campaigns

In 1906, Crumbine began an anti- fly campaign in order to combat the health hazards of the insect, famously using the term "swat the fly," a phrase Crumbine coined after attending a softball game. Soon after the campaign started, Frank Rose of
Weir, Kansas Weir is a city in Cherokee County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 569. History Weir was founded in 1872 and is named after landowner T. M. Weir, who donated forty acres as a townsite. The first p ...
, made "fly bats" out of leftover pieces of
window screen A window screen (also known as insect screen, bug screen, fly screen, flywire, wire mesh, or window net) is designed to cover the opening of a window. It is usually a mesh made of metal, fibreglass, plastic wire, or other pieces of plastic an ...
which they attached to metersticks. Rose showed Crumbine his device, which Crumbine named the "fly swatter," a name which has since stuck. Fly swatters would soon be handed out at the Kansas State Fair, county fairs, and local anti-fly parades. Catchy slogans like "swat the fly" became the modus operandi for Crumbine during his campaigns. Beyond that, Crumbine and his organization published monthly health bulletins to educate the public about health problems. He also utilized local news media to further spread the goals of his organization. In 1907, Crumbine pursued a vigorous
public health Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". Analyzing the de ...
campaign throughout the state of Kansas, targeting
communicable disease An infection is the invasion of tissue (biology), tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host (biology), host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmis ...
s such as tuberculosis. That year, after noticing tuberculosis patients spitting on the floors of trains and sharing drink cups without first rinsing them, Crumbine pursued various different campaigns against so-called "public health nuisances." He advocated for the outlawing of spitting in public, encouraging brickmakers to engrave "don't spit on the sidewalk" on their bricks. He further advocated for the removal of the common drinking cup on railroads and public buildings, as well as for the removal of reusable roller towels. On September 1, 1909, the Kansas Legislature passed a law banning the common drinking cup and on June 12, 1911, the Legislature passed a law banning the common roller towel in public places. Around this same time, Crumbine began another of his crusades, this one against the food and drug industry. He regularly sent samples from various food and medicine products into research labs to be examined, and oftentimes hazardous materials were found. The Board of Health would alert the public of these findings through widely-circulated reports. These findings also led to the passage of the Kansas Pure Food and Drug Act of 1907, which came a year after the national
Pure Food and Drug Act The s:Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, also known as the Wiley Act and Harvey Washington Wiley, Dr. Wiley's Law, was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws enacted by the United States Con ...
. The law allowed strong enforcement for the crime of mislabeling food and drug labels, resulting in heavy fines or jail time for offenders. As a result of his work, Crumbine was appointed head of the Association of Food and Drug Officials in 1915. On December 9, 1910, the University of Kansas Board of Regents appointed Crumbine as the dean of the University of Kansas School of Medicine. At the time, the medical school had a poor reputation, and Crumbine was hired in the hopes that it would bolster it. Successes did occur under Crumbine, such as the school becoming the nation's first to offer postgraduate courses for public health officers. However, Crumbine had mixed success in boosting the school's prestige or financial support among state lawmakers. The political opposition that occurred eventually forced him to resign from the position in 1919. In 1915, Crumbine took aim at infant mortality, creating one of the first state child hygiene divisions within the country. During the campaign, baby clinics were established and Little Mothers Leagues were established, designed to improve maternal education. As executive officer, he oversaw efforts to keep Kansans educated and well aware of both the
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 flu pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza epidemic or by the common misnomer Spanish flu, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 subtype of the influenza A virus. The earliest docum ...
epidemic and preventative measures people can take to avoid the spread.


Later career

In 1923, Crumbine became the center of controversy when Jonathan M. Davis took over the position of governor. Nearly immediately, Davis fired all members of the Board of Health except Crumbine and replaced them with loyalists. He then asked the new appointees to fire Crumbine, an action that they refused to do, leading Davis to personally call for Crumbine's resignation, which he did on June 5, 1923. Soon after, he moved to
New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
to serve as a head of the American Child Health Association, led by then-
Secretary of Commerce The United States secretary of commerce (SecCom) is the head of the United States Department of Commerce. The secretary serves as the principal advisor to the president of the United States on all matters relating to commerce. The secretary rep ...
Herbert Hoover Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st president of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933. A wealthy mining engineer before his presidency, Hoover led the wartime Commission for Relief in Belgium and ...
. In 1925, he became the general executive of the Association. During his tenure, the Association surveyed the conditions of children's health in cities across the continental United States and
Puerto Rico ; abbreviated PR), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a Government of Puerto Rico, self-governing Caribbean Geography of Puerto Rico, archipelago and island organized as an Territories of the United States, unincorporated territo ...
, as well as the state of school health programs. He retired to Jackson Heights when the Association disbanded in 1936. In his final years, he served as a consultant to the New York-based Paper Cup and Container Institute and the Save the Children Federation. In 1948, Crumbine wrote an autobiography titled ''Frontier Doctor'', which was published through Dorrance Publishing Company. Crumbine died on July 12, 1954 due to complications from a brief illness.


Legacy

In 1955, the Crumbine Award was established by the Kansas Public Health Association in honor of him. The award sought to recognize individuals for their contributions to the field of public health. At present, the award is given to local government organizations responsible for food protection by a consortium of organizations concerned with consumer protection. He was also the model for the character of Doc Adams on the television show
Gunsmoke ''Gunsmoke'' is an American radio and television Western drama series created by director Norman Macdonnell and writer John Meston. It centered on Dodge City, Kansas, in the 1870s, during the settlement of the American West. The central charact ...
, played by fellow Kansan
Milburn Stone Hugh Milburn Stone (July 5, 1904 – June 12, 1980) was an American actor, best known for his role as "Doc" (Dr. Galen Adams) on the Western (genre), Western series ''Gunsmoke''. Early life Stone was born in Burrton, Kansas, to Herbert Stone an ...
. In 2017, a statue of Crumbine was erected at the offices of the Kansas Health Institute in downtown Topeka.


Personal life

In 1889, Crumbine married Katherine Zuercher, whom he met in Cincinnati. With her, he had two daughters, Warren and Violet.


References


Further reading

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External links


Samuel J. Crumbine
on Kansapedia {{DEFAULTSORT:Crumbine, Samuel Jay 1862 births 1954 deaths People from Emlenton, Pennsylvania American public health doctors American people of German descent Leaders of the University of Kansas Medical Center