Samuel Alexander Adams (June 14, 1934 – October 10, 1988), known as Sam Adams, was an analyst for the
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA; ) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with advancing national security through collecting and analyzing intelligence from around the world and ...
(CIA). He is best known for his role in discovering that during the mid-1960s American military intelligence had underestimated the number of
Viet Cong
The Viet Cong (VC) was an epithet and umbrella term to refer to the communist-driven armed movement and united front organization in South Vietnam. It was formally organized as and led by the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, and ...
and
North Vietnamese Army
The People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), officially the Vietnam People's Army (VPA; , , ), also recognized as the Vietnamese Army (), the People's Army () or colloquially the Troops ( ), is the national Military, military force of the Vietnam, S ...
soldiers. Although his opinion was challenged, he pushed the case for a higher troop count. The issue under debate was called the
Order of Battle
Order of battle of an armed force participating in a military operation or campaign shows the hierarchical organization, command structure, strength, disposition of personnel, and equipment of units and formations of the armed force. Various abbr ...
(O/B). His efforts in 1967 met strong and persistent opposition from the Army (here
MACV) which, in the short-term, prevailed against him.
Following his testimony for the defense during the 1973 prosecution of ''
Pentagon Papers
The ''Pentagon Papers'', officially titled ''Report of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force'', is a United States Department of Defense history of the United States in the Vietnam War, United States' political and militar ...
'' whistleblower
Daniel Ellsberg
Daniel Ellsberg (April 7, 1931June 16, 2023) was an American political activist, economist, and United States military analyst. While employed by the RAND Corporation, he precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released th ...
, Adams resigned from the CIA. In 1975 his critical article on
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) was an armed conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia fought between North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) and their allies. North Vietnam w ...
intelligence was published in ''
Harper's
''Harper's Magazine'' is a monthly magazine of literature, politics, culture, finance, and the arts. Launched in New York City in June 1850, it is the oldest continuously published monthly magazine in the United States. ''Harper's Magazine'' has ...
''. He then testified about the Viet Cong O/B before a
Congressional committee that was investigating the CIA. In 1982 Adams was a consultant for a
CBS News
CBS News is the news division of the American television and radio broadcaster CBS. It is headquartered in New York City. CBS News television programs include ''CBS Evening News'', ''CBS Mornings'', news magazine programs ''CBS News Sunday Morn ...
television documentary called ''
The Uncounted Enemy''. He was subsequently named as a co-defendant in the
Westmoreland v. CBS civil trial for
libel
Defamation is a communication that injures a third party's reputation and causes a legally redressable injury. The precise legal definition of defamation varies from country to country. It is not necessarily restricted to making assertions ...
, which was successfully defended. When he died, he was finishing his book about the CIA in Vietnam.
Family and education
Although he was born in
Bridgeport, Connecticut
Bridgeport is the List of municipalities in Connecticut, most populous city in the U.S. state of Connecticut and the List of cities in New England by population, fifth-most populous city in New England, with a population of 148,654 in 2020. Loc ...
, Adams was born into the prominent
Adams family of Massachusetts. His father, Pierpont 'Pete' Adams, was a stockbroker and member of the
New York Stock Exchange
The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE, nicknamed "The Big Board") is an American stock exchange in the Financial District, Manhattan, Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is the List of stock exchanges, largest stock excha ...
. Sam Adams attended
St. Mark's School in
Southborough, Massachusetts
Southborough is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. It incorporates the villages of Cordaville, Fayville, and Southville. Its name is often informally shortened to Southboro, a usage seen on many area signs and maps. At th ...
. He graduated in European history from
Harvard College
Harvard College is the undergraduate education, undergraduate college of Harvard University, a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Part of the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Scienc ...
, class of 1955. After two years in the Navy, he attended
Harvard Law School
Harvard Law School (HLS) is the law school of Harvard University, a Private university, private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1817, Harvard Law School is the oldest law school in continuous operation in the United ...
, then worked for a while in banking.
Career in the CIA
From 1963 to 1973 Sam Adams served in the CIA, mostly at its headquarters in
Langley, Virginia. About the intelligence agency, he said, "I found to my astonishment that I really loved the place."
Africa division
Starting as an intelligence analyst at the
Congo desk, in the CIA's new Africa Division, he read everything and talked to everybody, and "quickly became one of Washington's reigning authorities on the Congo". He wrote on its economy, but it was political turbulence in the newly independent state that drew world attention, including Cuban under
Che. Adams later commented that "the Congo's problem" was "being both rich and weak at the same time."
Especially, it was for his coverage of the
Simba rebellion that Adams won commendations. Although at first greeted with 'snickers' from intelligence agents at
State
State most commonly refers to:
* State (polity), a centralized political organization that regulates law and society within a territory
**Sovereign state, a sovereign polity in international law, commonly referred to as a country
**Nation state, a ...
, he successfully predicted the crisis appointment of
Moise Tshombe
Moise is a given name and surname, with differing spellings in its French and Romanian origins, both of which originate from the name Moses: Moïse is the French spelling of Moses, while Moise is the Romanian spelling. As a surname, Moisè and Mo ...
by
Joseph Kasavubu
Joseph Kasa-Vubu, alternatively Joseph Kasavubu, ( – 24 March 1969) was a Congolese politician who served as the first President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the Republic of the Congo until 1964) from 1960 until 1965.
A member of ...
, then President of Congo. He briefed a high-level CIA conclave about the Simba and their invasion of the Congo from the east. The Simba reached
Kisangani
Kisangani (), formerly Stanleyville (), is the capital of Tshopo, Tshopo Province, located on the Congo River in the eastern part of the central Congo Basin in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is the country's fifth-most populous urban a ...
(then called Stanleyville), which prompted an intervention to rescue hostages. Tshombe was cheered "wherever he went". Adams won the esteem of analysts at CIA. As he later recalled, "It was terrific ... one of the high points of my life."
Far East division
In 1965 Adams transferred to the Vietnam desk, Southeast Asia Branch of the Far East Division. He read as background then-recent books by
Võ Nguyên Giáp
Võ Nguyên Giáp ( vi-hantu, , ; 25 August 1911 – 4 October 2013) was a Vietnamese general, communist revolutionary and politician. Highly regarded as a military strategist, Giáp led Vietnamese communist forces to victories in wars agains ...
on the north's view of its earlier victory, ''People's War, People's Army'',
Bernard Fall on the French defeat, ''
Street without Joy'', and
Joseph Buttinger's history of Vietnam, ''Smaller Dragon''. His branch chief, Edward Hauck, when asked told Adams that the Vietnamese communists would probably outlast the Americans and, after 10 or 20 years, win the war.
Viet Cong motivation
In the role of a "generalist" and "roving analyst", Adams was assigned to study the
Viet Cong
The Viet Cong (VC) was an epithet and umbrella term to refer to the communist-driven armed movement and united front organization in South Vietnam. It was formally organized as and led by the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, and ...
. Its motivation and morale were his first objectives. Following his procedure per the Congo, he began assembling biographies of Viet Cong operatives, but stopped when told the names were all fake. He also netted little by reading captured documents in translation. He drew welcome information, however, out of statistics compiled in Saigon from the files of
Chieu Hoi
The Chiêu Hồi program ( (also spelled "chu hoi" or "chu-hoi" in American documents; loosely translated as "Open Arms" or "Return") was an initiative by the United States and South Vietnam to encourage defection by the People's Army of Vietnam ( ...
(
South Vietnam
South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (RVN; , VNCH), was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975. It first garnered Diplomatic recognition, international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the ...
's defector program).
Adams found VC
defection
In politics, a defector is a person who gives up allegiance to one state in exchange for allegiance to another, changing sides in a way which is considered illegitimate by the first state. More broadly, defection involves abandoning a person, ca ...
s per year were 10,000, and thus a 5% defection rate which was high, and rising. The statistics also showed an increase in VC killed, paralleling the higher defections. This information would counter the general CIA pessimism about the war. Yet feedback within his CIA office was ambiguous, noncommittal, cautious; they knew well enough the widespread evidence of the Viet Cong's growing success in the field, of its confidence and morale. His report "Viet Cong Morale: Possible Indicator of Downward Drift" was published, but with caveats in footnotes and distributed only within the CIA.
While in Vietnam, Adams got advice from a senior analyst. Accordingly, he inquired about VC
desertion
Desertion is the abandonment of a military duty or post without permission (a pass, liberty or leave) and is done with the intention of not returning. This contrasts with unauthorized absence (UA) or absence without leave (AWOL ), which ...
s. A
Rand Corporation
The RAND Corporation, doing business as RAND, is an American nonprofit global policy think tank, research institute, and public sector consulting firm. RAND engages in research and development (R&D) in several fields and industries. Since the ...
office in Saigon was doing similar VC investigations; it was headed by
Leon Gouré. He told Adams that VC deserters were seven times the number of VC defectors. This surprised and puzzled Adams, considering the math. Such a combined loss rate per year (10,000 defectors + 70,000 deserters), in addition to VC annual casualties (reported at 150,000), would severely reduce the Viet Cong's overall strength (which MACV's O/B put at 280,000). Yet the VC did not seem to be losing the war.
While doing this perplexing research, Adams discovered that in the provinces the
ARVN's count of the VC guerrillas and militia was often much higher than
MACV's, e.g., in
Long An province it was 2000 to 160. He got permission to "look into enemy manpower".
MACV's ''Combined Document Exploitation Center'' (CDEC) in Saigon had been publishing annotated versions of captured documents in its bulletins. "Bulletin 689" contained a single three-page document, "Recapitulated Report on the People's Warfare Movement from
Bình Định Province
Bình Định (平定) was a former northern coastal province in the South Central Coast region, the Central of Vietnam. It borders Quảng Ngãi to the north, Phú Yên to the south, Gia Lai to the west and the South China Sea to the ea ...
". It listed VC troop counts for several types of guerrillas and militias, which all together totaled 50,244. In MACV's country-wide O/B for VC, of the 280,000 grand total, only 100,000 were guerrillas or militia. Adams asked, "Why should Bình Định—one of forty-four provinces–have half of them?"
Order of Battle
Adams assignment in motivation led to his work in estimating the number of VC guerrillas. From his research into captured enemy documents and other sources, he "concluded that previous estimates had undercounted the communists by hundreds of thousands. The implications were astounding." If the Viet Cong enemy combatant count was higher, it implied that the prospects for a South Vietnamese military victory were dimmed. It questioned American claims of progress on the battlefield. It would be "politically disastrous" for the U.S. government. This numbers dispute became known in military terms as the Order of Battle (O/B) controversy.
His findings, at first ignored, then challenged, after a heated struggle were not adopted. MACV forcefully insisted on its lower numbers, and the CIA in 1967, due to the domestic political environment, reluctantly agreed. Following the
Tet offensive
The Tet Offensive was a major escalation and one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War. The Viet Cong (VC) and North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) launched a surprise attack on 30 January 1968 against the forces of ...
in early 1968, however, the controversy was revisited. The numbers of enemy combatants were raised to a higher count, more in accord with Adams' original conclusions.
Challenging the CIA
By then, Adams had resigned his Vietnam post and was doing CIA analysis of neighboring
Cambodia
Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. It is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, and Vietnam to the east, and has a coastline ...
. Yet he persisted in advancing the higher count of Viet Cong in the 'Order of Battle' controversy, despite the institutional fallout between CIA and MACV. He claimed that the CIA had compromised its integrity. He filed formal charges against
DCI Richard Helms
Richard McGarrah Helms (March 30, 1913 – October 23, 2002) was an American government official and diplomat who served as Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) from 1966 to 1973. Helms began intelligence work with the Office of Strategic Ser ...
. He became notorious to many in the agency, and acquired a general reputation as a "gadfly, pariah and nemesis."
In 1969 Adams, fearing that his opponents would destroy them, secretly removed CIA files and documents which would support his case. He buried them in the woods near his farm in rural Virginia. His 1973 testimony in federal court, where he restated his position on the 'Order of Battle' numbers, caused consternation at CIA. Following this trial, he retired from the agency.
In the media, and testimony
Outside the CIA Adams continued to advance the issues stemming from the 'Order of Battle' controversy. In particular, the tailoring of 'pure' intelligence in order to fit the political agenda of its primary consumers: the American government, and its chief executive.
Trial of Ellsberg and Russo
Adams appeared as a defense witness at the 1973 trial of
Daniel Ellsberg
Daniel Ellsberg (April 7, 1931June 16, 2023) was an American political activist, economist, and United States military analyst. While employed by the RAND Corporation, he precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released th ...
and
Anthony J. Russo. The case involved their role in the unauthorized publication of the top secret
Pentagon Papers
The ''Pentagon Papers'', officially titled ''Report of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force'', is a United States Department of Defense history of the United States in the Vietnam War, United States' political and militar ...
, a 47-volume, government-produced, secret history of the Vietnam War. The prosecution alleged
felony
A felony is traditionally considered a crime of high seriousness, whereas a misdemeanor is regarded as less serious. The term "felony" originated from English common law (from the French medieval word "''félonie''") to describe an offense that r ...
violations of the
Espionage Act of 1917
The Espionage Act of 1917 is a United States federal law enacted on June 15, 1917, shortly after the United States entered World War I. It has been amended numerous times over the years. It was originally found in Title 50 of the U.S. Code ( ...
, and of signed secrecy agreements. The charges involved disclosure of government secrets, yet not to foreign powers, but to American newspapers.
Adams testified concerning the military's false numbers for Viet Cong combatants. The undercounting had been deliberately adopted by the American intelligence community as official. His testimony was offered to show that supposed 'secret information' in the text of the ''Pentagon Papers'' contained in reality many fictions.
The trial was held at the
U.S. District Court in Los Angeles. Eventually, citing the "totality" of government misconduct, Federal judge
William Matthew Byrne Jr. dismissed all charges against Ellsberg and Russo.
Article on CIA in ''Harper's''
Adams did additional research. Fearful that his opponents would destroy evidence, he had already removed files and documents from the CIA, hiding them on a farm in rural Virginia. He also scouted out former contacts and CIA employees in order to bolster his cause. After his resignation from the agency in 1973, he sought the support of other intelligence officials to prove that there was a Saigon cover-up. He detailed his allegations in an article sent to ''Harper's Magazine''.
In 1975, in its May issue, ''
Harper's
''Harper's Magazine'' is a monthly magazine of literature, politics, culture, finance, and the arts. Launched in New York City in June 1850, it is the oldest continuously published monthly magazine in the United States. ''Harper's Magazine'' has ...
'' published his article, "Vietnam Cover-Up: Playing war with numbers". Adams brought his cause to the public.
As a result of the 'cover-up' article, Adams was sought out for further comments.
House Intelligence Committee
Adams gave sworn testimony before the
Pike Committee, of the House of Representatives. This committee was holding hearings during the latter half of 1975. Although it shed needed light on the secret operations of CIA, it also acquired controversy. His remarks were welcomed; Adams and the House Pike committee on intelligence reached similar conclusions.
CBS Vietnam documentary
In 1982 Adams provided critical evidence to CBS News reporters who made the documentary ''
The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception.'' He claimed
U.S. Army General
William C. Westmoreland had conspired to minimize reported enemy troop strength in 1967.
''Westmoreland v. CBS''
General Westmoreland in 1982 sued for libel against CBS News, and named as co-defendants the producer
George Crile, correspondent
Mike Wallace
Myron Leon Wallace (May 9, 1918 – April 7, 2012) was an American journalist, game show host, actor, and media personality. Known for his investigative journalism, he interviewed a wide range of prominent newsmakers during his seven-decade car ...
, and consultant Sam Adams. The case, ''
Westmoreland v. CBS'', went to trial but ended in a private, out-of-court settlement.
Adams testified "concerning the intelligence gathering and reporting of enemy strength." He told the court, "I believe there was a conspiracy. There was an attempt to do wrong with the numbers... . I have always felt that what went on in the 1967–1968 period was a conspiracy." Adams also stated, "I do not believe Gen. Westmoreland communicated fully to Washington."
Numerous officers who had served in MACV intelligence in 1967 testified, on one side or the other, at the trial. The most senior were then Brigadier General (later Lieutenant General)
Phillip Davidson (MACV J-2--overall chief of intelligence) and Colonel (later Lieutenant General)
Daniel O. Graham (chief of MACV intelligence estimates) as witnesses for Westmoreland; and Major General (later Lieutenant General)
Joseph A. McChristian (Davidson's predecessor as MACV J-2) and Col. Gains Hawkins (chief of MACV's O/B section) as witnesses for CBS. The MACV O/B ('Order of Battle') estimate was "undercut" by "latter admissions" at trial that
he officershad known at the time that General Westmoreland's insistence on an O/B total of no more than 300,000 was an artificial position dictated by political considerations, and that the true number of enemy forces had almost certainly been much higher.
The trial had been going on for eighteen weeks, and was approaching its end, when the parties negotiated and reached agreement. Evidently it was testimony "by his former chief of military intelligence" in Vietnam, which agreed more with Adams, that convinced Westmoreland to settle. The General received no money, but in a public statement each side expressed respect for the other.
The lawsuit ended in February 1985. In May 1993, Westmoreland appeared on NBC's ''
The Today Show
''Today'' (also called ''The Today Show'') is an American morning television show that airs weekdays from 7:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on NBC. The program debuted on January 14, 1952. It was the first of its genre on American television ...
''. He discussed the Vietnam War in 1967–68, and opined that the true calamity of the Tet Offensive was its surprise, because the public did not know the VC's real strength. "And if I had to do it over again, I would have called a press conference and made known to the media the intelligence we had."
''War of Numbers''
Adams worked on his revising his memoirs at his home in Vermont. The book was published posthumously.=
* Sam Adams, ''War of Numbers: An Intelligence Memoir'' (South Royalton, Vermont: Steerforth Press, 1994).
* ''War of Numbers: An Intelligence Memoir of the Vietnam War's Uncounted Enemy'' (1998). Steerforth; 1st edition
Death and legacy
Adams died of an apparent heart attack on October 10, 1988. He was married twice and had two sons.
The
Sam Adams Award for integrity in intelligence, given since 2002, is named after Adams.
References
Further reading
* George W. Allen, ''None So Blind. A personal account of the intelligence failure in Vietnam'' (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee 2001).
* Bob Brewin & Sydney Shaw, ''Vietnam on Trial. Westmoreland vs. CBS'' (New York: Athenaum 1987).
* Orrin DeForest & David Chanoff, ''Slow Burn. ... American intelligence in Vietnam'' (New York: Simon and Schuster 1990).
*
Daniel Ellsberg
Daniel Ellsberg (April 7, 1931June 16, 2023) was an American political activist, economist, and United States military analyst. While employed by the RAND Corporation, he precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released th ...
, ''Secrets. A memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers'' (New York: Viking Penguin 2002, 2003).
* Harold P. Ford, ''CIA and the Vietnam Policymakers: Three episodes 1962–1968'' (CIA: Center for the Study of Intelligence 1998).
*
Richard Helms
Richard McGarrah Helms (March 30, 1913 – October 23, 2002) was an American government official and diplomat who served as Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) from 1966 to 1973. Helms began intelligence work with the Office of Strategic Ser ...
, ''A Look over my Shoulder. A life in the Central Intelligence Agency'' (New York: Random House 2003).
* C. Michael Hiam, ''Who the Hell Are We Fighting? The Story of Sam Adams and the Vietnam intelligence wars''. (Hanover: Steerforth 2006).
*
Richard H. Immerman, ''The Hidden Hand. A brief history of the CIA'' (Chichester: Wiley Blackwell 2014).
*
Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, ''The CIA and American Democracy'' (Yale University 1989).
*
Stanley Karnow, ''Vietnam. A History. The first complete account of Vietnam at war'' (New York: Viking 1983).
*
Andrew F. Krepinevich, ''The Army and Vietnam'' (Johns Hopkins University 1986).
*
Mark M. Lowenthal, ''Intelligence. From secrets to policy'' (Washington: CQ Press 2d ed. 2003).
*
Ralph McGehee, ''Deadly Deceits. My 25 years in the CIA'' (New York: Sheridan Square 1983).
*
Robert S. McNamara, ''In Retrospect. The tragedy and lessons of Vietnam'' (New York: Times Books 1995).
*
Douglas Pike, ''Viet Cong. The organization and techniques of the National Liberation Front of Vietnam'' (M.I.T. 1966).
*
Thomas Powers, ''The Man who kept the Secrets. Richard Helms and the CIA'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf 1979).
* John Prados, ''Vietnam. The history of an unwindable war, 1945–1975'' (University of Kansas 2009).
*
John Ranelagh, ''The Agency. The rise and decline of the CIA'' (New York: Simon and Schuster 1986).
*
Neil Sheehan, ''
A Bright Shining Lie'' (New York: Random House 1988).
**
Athan Theoharis, editor, ''The Central Intelligence Agency. Security under scrutiny'' (Westport: Greenwood Press 2006).
**
Spencer C. Tucker, editor, ''The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War. A political, social, and military history'' (Oxford University 2000).
* Sam Adams
"Vietnam Cover-Up: Playing War with Numbers. A CIA conspiracy against its own intelligence" in ''
Harper's
''Harper's Magazine'' is a monthly magazine of literature, politics, culture, finance, and the arts. Launched in New York City in June 1850, it is the oldest continuously published monthly magazine in the United States. ''Harper's Magazine'' has ...
'', May, 1975. Accessed 2017-01-09.
* Robert Andersen
"Body Count of Lies. A CIA analyst's crusade against those who cooked the books in Vietnam" (Book review in Adams), in ''
The Chicago Tribune
The ''Chicago Tribune'' is an American daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Founded in 1847, it was formerly self-styled as the "World's Greatest Newspaper", a slogan from which its once integrated WGN radio and WGN tel ...
'', October 2, 1994. Accessed 2017-01-09.
* George C. Herring
"The Road to Tet" in ''The New York Times'', 27 January 2017. Accessed 2017-01-27.
* Albin Krebs
in ''
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
'', October 11, 1988. Accessed 2016-03-20.
* Tom Mascaro, "''The Uncounted Enemy.'' U.S. Documentary" a
Museum of Broadcast Communications: Archives, Encyclopedia of Television Accessed 2017-01-14.
* Thomas Powers, interviewed
(Book Review of Adams), in ''
The Atlantic
''The Atlantic'' is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher based in Washington, D.C. It features articles on politics, foreign affairs, business and the economy, culture and the arts, technology, and science.
It was founded in 185 ...
'', February, 1997. Accessed 2017-01-09.
* Eleanor Randolph
"Sam Adams' Vietnam Obsession" in ''
The Washington Post
''The Washington Post'', locally known as ''The'' ''Post'' and, informally, ''WaPo'' or ''WP'', is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital. It is the most widely circulated newspaper in the Washington m ...
'', January 10, 1985. Accessed 2017-01-09.
* Robert Sinclair
"A Review of ''Who the Hell are we Fighting? The story of Sam Adams and the Vietnam intelligence wars''. One intelligence analyst remembers another" (Book review of Hiam), in ''
Studies in Intelligence
''Studies in Intelligence'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal on intelligence that is published by the Center for the Study of Intelligence, a group within the United States Central Intelligence Agency. It contains both classified and u ...
'', vol.50/4 (2006). Ac'd 2017-01-09.
* Times Wire Services
"Samuel A. Adams; Defendant in Gen. Westmoreland Libel Suit"in ''
Los Angeles Times
The ''Los Angeles Times'' is an American Newspaper#Daily, daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California, in 1881. Based in the Greater Los Angeles city of El Segundo, California, El Segundo since 2018, it is the List of new ...
'', October 13, 1988. Accessed 2017-01-10.
External links
''SAMUEL ADAMS: FROM C.I.A. ANALYST TO KEY FIGURE IN WESTMORELAND TRIAL''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Adams, Samuel A.
Analysts of the Central Intelligence Agency
CIA personnel of the Vietnam War
American whistleblowers
20th-century American memoirists
Harvard Law School alumni
Harvard College alumni
St. Mark's School (Massachusetts) alumni
Adams family
1934 births
1988 deaths