The Samoic–Outlier languages, also known as Samoic languages, are a purported group of

Polynesian languages The Polynesian languages form a genealogical group of languages, itself part of the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian family. There are 38 Polynesian languages, representing 7 percent of the 522 Oceanic languages, and 3 percent of the Austr ...

, encompassing the Polynesian languages of

Samoa Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa and known until 1997 as Western Samoa, is an island country in Polynesia, part of Oceania, in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu), two smaller, inhabited ...

Tuvalu Tuvalu ( ) is an island country in the Polynesian subregion of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean, about midway between Hawaii and Australia. It lies east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands (which belong to the Solomon Islands), northeast of Van ...

American Samoa American Samoa is an Territories of the United States, unincorporated and unorganized territory of the United States located in the Polynesia region of the Pacific Ocean, South Pacific Ocean. Centered on , it is southeast of the island count ...

Tokelau Tokelau (; ; known previously as the Union Islands, and, until 1976, known officially as the Tokelau Islands) is a dependent territory of New Zealand in the southern Pacific Ocean. It consists of three tropical coral atolls: Atafu, Nukunonu, an ...

Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna, officially the Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands (), is a French island territorial collectivity, collectivity in the Oceania, South Pacific, situated between Tuvalu to the northwest, Fiji to the southwest, Tonga t ...

, and

Polynesian outlier Polynesian outliers are a number of culturally Polynesian societies that geographically lie outside the main region of Polynesian influence, known as the Polynesian Triangle; instead, Polynesian outliers are scattered in the two other Pacific su ...

languages in

New Caledonia New Caledonia ( ; ) is a group of islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, southwest of Vanuatu and east of Australia. Located from Metropolitan France, it forms a Overseas France#Sui generis collectivity, ''sui generis'' collectivity of t ...

, the

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands, also known simply as the Solomons,John Prados, ''Islands of Destiny'', Dutton Caliber, 2012, p,20 and passim is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 1000 smaller islands in Melanesia, part of Oceania, t ...

Vanuatu Vanuatu ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (; ), is an island country in Melanesia located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is east of northern Australia, northeast of New Caledonia, east o ...

Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea, officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is an island country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and offshore islands in Melanesia, a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean n ...

, and the

Federated States of Micronesia The Federated States of Micronesia (, abbreviated FSM), or simply Micronesia, is an island country in Micronesia, a region of Oceania. The federation encompasses the majority of the Caroline Islands (excluding Palau) and consists of four Admin ...

. The name "Samoic-Outlier" recognizes Samoan.

Classification

Ethnologue

According to ''Ethnologue'' 26, the Samoic–Outlier languages are as follows: * Samoic–Outlier ** East Uvean–Niuafo’ou *** Niuatoputapu *** Niuafo’ou *** Wallisian ** Ellicean ***

Kapingamarangi Kapingamarangi is an atoll and a municipality in the state of Pohnpei of the Federated States of Micronesia. It is by far the most southerly atoll or island of the country and the Caroline Islands, south of the next southerly atoll, Nukuoro, an ...

***

Takuu Takuu, formerly known as Tauu and also known as Nukutoa, Mortlock Island, or Marqueen Island, is a small, isolated atoll off the east coast of Bougainville Island in Papua New Guinea. Geography Takuu lies about to the northeast of Kieta, a cit ...

*** Nukuoro *** Nukumanu *** Nukeria *** Ontong Java ***

Sikaiana Sikaiana (formerly called the Stewart Islands) is a small atoll NE of Malaita in Solomon Islands in the south Pacific Ocean. It is almost in length and its lagoon, known as Te Moana, is totally enclosed by the coral reef. Its total land surfa ...

*** Tuvaluan ** Futunic ***

Anuta Anuta is a small volcanic island in the province of Temotu in the southeastern part of Solomon Islands. It is one of the smallest permanently inhabited Polynesian islands. It is one of the Polynesian Outlier communities in Melanesia. Geograp ...

*** East Futuna *** Futuna–Aniwa *** Emae *** Rennell–Bellona *** Mele–Fila *** Vaeakau–Taumako ***

Tikopia Tikopia is a volcanic island in Temotu Province, in the independent nation of Solomon Islands, southwestern Pacific Ocean. Although most of Solomon Islands is Melanesian, Tikopia is culturally Polynesian. Its remoteness has enabled much of its c ...

*** Fagauvea **

Pukapuka Pukapuka, formerly Danger Island, is a coral atoll in the Northern Cook Islands, northern group of the Cook Islands in the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the most remote islands of the Cook Islands, situated about northwest of Rarotonga. On th ...

** Samoan **

Tokelauan Tokelauan () is a Polynesian language spoken in Tokelau and historically by the small population of Swains Island (or Olohega) in American Samoa. It is closely related to Tuvaluan language, Tuvaluan and is related to Samoan language, Samoan and ...

Glottolog

Hammarström et al. do not view the Samoic–Outlier languages as a valid phylogenetic clade. As such, the languages classified as Samoic–Outlier languages in Ethnologue are classified in the Glottolog database within Nuclear Polynesian as follows: * Nuclear Polynesian **

** East Futuna ** East Uvean–Niuafoʻou *** East Uvean *** Niuafoʻou *** Niuatoputapu ** Ellicean *** Pukapukic ****

**** Samoan–Tokelauan ***** Samoan *****

***

** Northern Outlier Polynesian–East Polynesian *** Carolinean Outlier Polynesian ****

**** Nukuoro *** Solomons Northern Outlier Polynesian–East Polynesian **** Central Northern Outlier Polynesian–East Polynesian ***** Central Northern Outlier Polynesian ****** Luangiua ****** Takuuic ******* Nukumanu ******* Nukuria *******

***** East Polynesian ****** ..****

** Rennell–Bellona **

** Vaeakau–Taumako ** Vanuatu–Loyalty Outliers *** Emae *** Mele–Futuna **** Futuna–Aniwa **** Mele–Fila *** West Uvean

References

{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages Languages of Papua New Guinea Languages of the Solomon Islands