Salvador de Madariaga y Rojo (23 July 1886 – 14 December 1978) was a Spanish "eminent liberal", diplomat, writer, historian and pacifist who was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature and the

Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish language, Swedish and ) is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the Will and testament, will of Sweden, Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Nobe ...

and awarded the Charlemagne Prize in 1973.

Early life

Salvador de Madariaga y Rojo was born on 23 July 1886 in A Coruña, Galicia, Kingdom of Spain. He graduated with a degree in engineering in

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France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

Career

Madariaga returned to Spain and became an engineer for the Northern Spanish Railway Company. He then came into contact with ''Generación del 14'' intellectuals. In 1916, he abandoned that for work in

London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...

as a journalist for ''

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'' newspaper. Meanwhile, he began publishing his first essays. In 1921, he became a press member of the Secretariat of the

League of Nations The League of Nations (LN or LoN; , SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), Paris Peace ...

and chief of the

Disarmament Disarmament is the act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing Weapon, weapons. Disarmament generally refers to a country's military or specific type of weaponry. Disarmament is often taken to mean total elimination of weapons of mass destruction, ...

Section in 1922. In 1928, he was appointed Professor of Spanish at Oxford University for three years during which he wrote a book on nation

psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both consciousness, conscious and Unconscious mind, unconscious phenomena, and mental processes such as thoughts, feel ...

, ''Englishmen, Frenchmen, Spaniards''. In 1931, the Second Spanish Republic appointed Madariaga as Spanish ambassador to the

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and a permanent delegate to the League of Nations; he kept the latter post for five years. Chairing the Council of the League of Nations in January 1932, he condemned

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's aggression in Manchuria in such vehement terms that he was nicknamed " Don Quijote de la

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". From 1932 to 1934, he served as ambassador to France. In 1933, he was elected to the National Congress and served as both Minister for Education and Minister for Justice. In July 1936, as a classical liberal, he went into

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to escape the

Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War () was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republican faction (Spanish Civil War), Republicans and the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalists. Republicans were loyal to the Left-wing p ...

. There, he became a vocal opponent of and organised resistance to the Nationalists and to

Francisco Franco Francisco Franco Bahamonde (born Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general and dictator who led the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalist forces i ...

's Spanish State. In 1947, he was one of the principal authors of the Oxford Manifesto on liberalism. He participated in the Hague Congress in 1948 as president of the Cultural Commission and he was one of the co-founders in 1949 of the

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. In his writing career, he wrote books and essays about ''Don Quixote'', Christopher Columbus,

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's ''

Hamlet ''The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark'', often shortened to ''Hamlet'' (), is a Shakespearean tragedy, tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601. It is Shakespeare's longest play. Set in Denmark, the play (the ...

'', and the history of

Latin America Latin America is the cultural region of the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken, primarily Spanish language, Spanish and Portuguese language, Portuguese. Latin America is defined according to cultural identity, not geogr ...

. He strongly supported a united and integrated Europe. He wrote in French, German, Spanish, Galician (his mother tongue) and English. In 1973, he won the Charlemagne Prize for his contributions to the European idea and to European peace. In 1976, after Franco's death, Madariaga returned to Spain and became a member of the Spanish Royal Academy.

Personal life and death

Jose Antonio Jauregui con Salvador de Madariaga Oxford 1972

In 1912, Madariaga married Constance Archibald, a Scottish economic historian. The couple had two daughters: Nieves Mathews (1917–2003) and the professor and historian Isabel de Madariaga (1919–2014). Constance died in May 1970. In November 1970, he married Emilia Székely de Rauman, who had been his secretary since 1938 and would die in 1991 at 83. Madariaga died at 92 on 16 December 1978, in Locarno,

Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...

Awards and recognition

Madariaga received numerous prizes in his lifetime: including: * Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Spain (1936) * Hansischer Goethe-Preis, University of Hamburg (1972) * Charlemagne Prize (1973)

Legacy

The Madariaga European Foundation has been named after him and promotes his vision of a united Europe and a more peaceful world. The 1979–1980 academic year at the

was named in his honour. An Oxfordshire blue plaque in honour of him was unveiled at 3 St Andrew's Road, Headington,

Oxford Oxford () is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town. The city is home to the University of Oxford, the List of oldest universities in continuou ...

, by his daughter Isabel on 15 October 2011.

Works

Madariaga wrote books in Spanish, English, French and German. He is best known for the novel '' El Corazón de Piedra Verde'' (''Heart of Jade'').

Selected books

* ''The Sacred Giraffe: Being the Second Volume of the Posthumous Works of Julio Arceval'' (1925) (science fiction novel) * ''Englishmen, Frenchmen, Spaniards: An Essay in Comparative Psychology'', Oxford University Press, 1929 * ''Disarmament'', Coward-McCann, 1929 * ''Anarchy or Hierarchy'', Macmillan, 1937 * ''Christopher Columbus'', Macmillan, 1940 * ''The Rise of the Spanish-American Empire'', Hollis & Carter; Macmillan, 1947 * ''The Fall of the Spanish-American Empire'', Hollis & Carter, 1947; Macmillan, 1948 * ''Bolivar'', Hollis & Carter, 1952 * ''Morning without Noon'', 1973 * '' El Corazón de Piedra Verde'', 1942 (''Heart of Jade'') * ''War in the Blood'' (sequel to ''Heart of Jade'') * ''Spain: a Modern History'' * ''Hernán Cortés – Conqueror of Mexico'', Macmillan, 1941 * ''The Blowing up of the Parthenon'', 1960 * ''On Hamlet'', Hollis & Carter, 1948 * ''Latin America, Between the Eagle and the Bear'', Praeger, 1962

Poetry

*''The Serene Fountain'' (1927) *''Elegy on the Death of Unamuno'' (1937) *''Elegy at the Death of Federico García Lorca'' (1938) *''Rose of Silt and Ashes'' (1942) *''Romances for Beatriz'' (1955) *''She who Smells of Thyme and Rosemary'' (1959) *''Poppy'' (1965)

Articles

* "Englishman, Frenchman, Spaniard," ''The Atlantic'' (April 1928) * "An Admirable Variety: Further Diversities of National Character," ''The Atlantic'' (September 1928) * "Disarmament--American Plan," ''The Atlantic'' (April 1929) * "Spain: The Politics," ''The Atlantic'' (March 1937)

Notes

References

External links

Madariaga – College of Europe Foundation

Madariaga tennis Club in A Coruña

Madariaga European College

Archival sources
by and on Salvador de Madariaga can be consulted at th
Historical Archives of the European Union
in Florence *
Washington Post obituary
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madariaga, Salvador de 1886 births 1978 deaths People from A Coruña Autonomous Galician Republican Organization politicians Justice ministers of Spain Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Second Spanish Republic 20th-century Spanish historians Spanish pacifists Spanish writers in French Spanish writers in German English-language writers Members of the Royal Spanish Academy Presidents of the Liberal International Permanent representatives of Spain to the League of Nations Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in the United Kingdom Ambassadors of Spain to France Ambassadors of Spain to the United States Spanish expatriates in Switzerland Spanish expatriates in England Alumni of the University of Oxford Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in Switzerland Spanish political writers 20th-century Spanish male writers Spanish expatriates in the United Kingdom Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion Member of the Mont Pelerin Society