Salto De Roldán

Salto de Roldán (English: 'Roland's Leap') is a rock formation about north of Huesca in High Aragon, northern Spain, in the foothills of the central Pyrenees. It lies in the westernmost part of Sierra y Cañones de Guara Natural Park. It consists of several large outcrops of almost bare rock standing clear of the surrounding landscape.

Description

Salto de Roldán includes two main rocky outcrops: Peña San Miguel (sometimes ''Sen''; English: ' St Michael's Rock' or 'Crag'; or ) to the west and Peña Amán (sometimes ''Men''; etymology uncertain; or ) to the east. Their exterior sides are sloped, and their facing sides are steep and stepped. They rise or over from the surrounding landscape. The distance from peak to peak is about . There is a smaller isolated outcrop, El Fraile or Mallo d'o Fraile ('The Friar'; ), about northeast of Peña San Miguel. The flows from north to south between El Fraile and Peña San Miguel to the west and Peña Amán to the east.

Salto de Roldán is what remains of a syncline (a U-shaped fold) of multiple strata of conglomerate limestone rock laid down in the Tertiary period which has been selectively eroded by riverwater. In northern Spain, this type of formation is called a . Salto de Roldán was formed in two distinct phases. In the first, an ancient tributary of the cut a canyon about wide and deep through the rock. In the second, the Flumen cut into that canyon a gorge about wide and up to deep, called Palomeras del Flumen.

French Pyrenean explorer, photographer and writer (1860-1921) was in 1907 an early visitor to Salto de Roldán. The scene excited his imagination. Among other things, it suggested to him a temple to some pagan deity; perhaps Hercules, with the two ''Peñas'' representing the Pillars of Hercules. He said that the illustrations of French engraver Gustave Doré (1832-1883) to Dante's ''Inferno'' would have been better had he copied this landscape rather than being works of imagination. He thought that the post-'' Reconquista'' Christian sanctuary on Peña de San Miguel must have been built on the site of an earlier pagan temple.

Salto de Roldán is a visitor attraction, with foot access from a nearby road. It is possible to climb to the top of Peña San Miguel; though this involves negotiating two ladders made of metal staples driven into the rock, which are not for the faint of heart. On top, there are the ruins of a mediaeval fortress, of a cistern, and of a Romanesque-style hermitage of St Michael. The site is a protected monument. The view is spectacular.

Vegetation around Salto de Roldán includes flowers such as Pyrenean-violet, , St. Anthony's turnip, ''farolito'', and ''abejeta'',; ''abeja'' means 'bee'). aromatic herbs such as rosemary and thyme, trees such as box and kermes oak, and various orchids including yellow-fringed orchid and sombre bee-orchid.

A wide variety of bird species can be seen on and around Salto de Roldán. Insectivores include black redstart, African stonechat, leaf warbler and red-billed chough; swift, crag martin, house martin, wallcreeper, goldfinch, robin and blue tit. Birds of prey include griffon vulture, Egyptian vulture, short-toed eagle and booted eagle; and golden eagle, Bonelli's eagle, peregrine falcon and kestrel; and, as a rare visitor, bearded vulture (lammergeier or ossifrage). The eagles and vultures will use the thermals above the crags to gain height to sight prey; and in the case of the bearded vulture, to drop large animal bones onto rocks to break them open so that they can feed on the marrow.

History

There is evidence of prehistoric occupation close by. Near the village of Santa Eulalia de la Peña is the cave shelter of La Raja (which is not easily accessible because the path is heavily overgrown). It contains a cave painting which depicts a figure of Levantine type surrounded by bovids, deer and goats, which several experts consider the westernmost outpost of Levantine art. It has been suggested that prehistoric man made summer hunting camps near the Salto de Roldán. Also close by, there is a dolmen (megalithic tomb) at Belsué.

There was a Roman settlement (known as Bajo Cuesta) by the modern village of . There is evidence of Visigothic presence from a belt plate discovered at the village of . After the Muslim conquest of Spain, Huesca became part of the Caliphate of Cordoba, and Salto de Roldán was fortified. It was a strategic site, because it controlled access to the valley and plains of the River Ebro to the south. In 941, García Sánchez I of Pamplona captured the Fortress of Sen ( es, eu). In 942, Muhammad ibn Mashim al Tuyibi, lord of Zaragoza, retook it; a victory which was celebrated in the Mosque of Córdoba. In 1086, Christian forces finally took and retained it.

Legends

There are several legends associated with the site.

In the main legend, Roland ( es, Roldán), the foremost of Charlemagne's paladins, was being hotly pursued by Saracens, the Muslim Arab occupiers of Spain. Cornered at Salto de Roldán, he escaped by leaping on horseback from one of the crags to the other. There are, however, differences in detail. The leap was in an unspecified direction; or was from Peña de Amán to Peña de San Miguel; or was from Peña de San Miguel to Peña de Amán. In some accounts, the horse landed with such force that it left the imprints of its hooves in the rock. The horse sometimes died as a result; or, was slain in mid-leap by a sorcerer. In some accounts, Roland continued northward on foot, and smote the Pyrenees with his sword to create Roland's Breach