Mūhammad Salqām-Jahangīr Khan bin Esim Sultan (,

romanized In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription, ...

: ''Mūhammed Salqam-Jahangir Han bin Esım Sūltan''), commonly known as Salqam-Jahangir Khan or Salqam-Jangir Khan, ruled as the Khan of the Kazakh Khanate from 1643 to 1652. He was the son of Esim Khan.

Mention

Some sources referred to him as "Jahangir Khan", an alternate spelling of his name in the Kazakh and

Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...

languages. After a stunning victory in the battle for Orbulak its small growth and a strong constitution received from the people nicknamed "Salqam Jahangir" which translates as "impressive, powerful Jahangir" and often referred to as a "Salqam-Jangir Khan".

Biography

Salqam Jangir Khan was a prominent statesman and an outstanding leader who succeeded Esim Khan's throne. During the life of courage Jangir people nicknamed "Salqam Jäñgir" (impressive) as the historians to Jangir were characterized by his qualities such as determination, perseverance, endurance and willingness to sacrifice. These qualities have put him on par with the name of his father and rescued Kazakh tribes of the civil wars and external threats of physical destruction. The exact date of the proclamation Jangir Khan has not been established. There is no reliable data about the year of his birth. According to some reports, he was raised on a white rug immediately after his father's death in 1628, but its long recognized as the supreme khan of

Kazakhs The Kazakhs (Kazakh language, Kazakh: , , , ) are a Turkic peoples, Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia and Eastern Europe. They share a common Culture of Kazakhstan, culture, Kazakh language, language and History of Kazakhstan, history ...

. Like his father Esim Khan Jangir was also concerned about the threat of the Dzungars, a

Buddhist Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or ...

tribe who occupied the territory near present-day Xinjiang Province in western China and who were at constant warfare with the Muslim

Uyghurs The Uyghurs,. alternatively spelled Uighurs, Uygurs or Uigurs, are a Turkic peoples, Turkic ethnic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the general region of Central Asia and East Asia. The Uyghurs are recognized as the ti ...

. Fears intensified after coming to power Batur-kontayshy (1635-1654), who created a strong centralized state in Dzungaria. At this point, the Kazakh Khanate occurred internecine strife and were unable to support their fellow Turkic Muslims, the Uyghurs. Each representative Chingizid claimed supremacy. Attempts of Kazakh

sultans Sultan (; ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be use ...

to strengthen the state's political influence met with fierce resistance from the

beys Bey, also spelled as Baig, Bayg, Beigh, Beig, Bek, Baeg, Begh, or Beg, is a Turkic title for a chieftain, and a royal, aristocratic title traditionally applied to people with special lineages to the leaders or rulers of variously sized areas in ...

, who also worked hard to establish the Kazakhs as a key

Islamic Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...

power in

Central Asia Central Asia is a region of Asia consisting of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian language, Pers ...

. The constant political struggle prevented the growth Jangir Khan's power, who always had to prove his inherited right to rule. In one of the battles with Dzhungars in 1635 Jangir was captured in battle. After the conclusion of a peace treaty, he was released home with an obligation to no longer bother the

Dzungar Khanate The Dzungar Khanate ( Mongolian: ), also known as the Zunghar Khanate or Junggar Khanate, was an Inner Asian khanate of Oirat Mongol origin. At its greatest extent, it covered an area from southern Siberia in the north to present-day Kyrgyz ...

. An active role in the implementation of foreign policy played by his son Tauke, he established friendly relations with the ruler of

Samarkand Samarkand ( ; Uzbek language, Uzbek and Tajik language, Tajik: Самарқанд / Samarqand, ) is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central As ...

Zhalantos Bahadur (1576-1656). Their union was a response to the creation of the Erdeni Batur coalition of Dzungars to attack Zhetysu. Salqam-Jahangir Khan led numerous successful campaigns against the Dzungars, allowing the Kazakh people to rebuild a strong state. He was bestowed with the honorific title "''Shah-i-Turan''" (

for "King of

Turan Turan (; ; , , ) is a historical region in Central Asia. The term is of Iranian origin and may refer to a particular prehistoric human settlement, a historic geographical region, or a culture. The original Turanians were an Iranian tribe of th ...

") for strengthening the Kazakh Khanate.

Battle of Orbulaq

When Erdeni Batur in 1643 seized some land in the southern and south-eastern spurs of the Tian Shan, Jangir with the host 600 people decided to meet the enemy's army, despite its significant superiority (Zhungars was about 50,000). For Battle Mountain Jangir chose a place close to the River Hor (Orbulaq) Jungar Alatau because of what called Orbulak battle. A tactic of warfare has been selected trench method. Researchers who carefully studied the place of the famous battle, note that a number of complex Jangir applied tactics of the arsenal of military art of the Kazakhs, but at the same time used the unextended fragmentation methods among the nomads of the enemy. As described by A.I. Levshin, Jangir, fearing an open military confrontation with Dzhungars, arranged part of his squad in a gorge between two mountains, he dug in advance by a deep moat and high obnesya shaft. The length of the military fort was 2.5-3 km, the front edge of the trench was as tall as a human growth.

References

{{reflist Kazakh khans 1610s births 1652 deaths Kazakhstani Sunni Muslims