''Salmo'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

ray-finned fish Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians, is a class of bony fish that comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. They are so called because of their lightly built fins made of webbings of sk ...

from the

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...

Salmoninae of

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Salmonidae Salmonidae (, ) is a family (biology), family of ray-finned fish, the only extant member of the suborder Salmonoidei, consisting of 11 extant genera and over 200 species collectively known as "salmonids" or "salmonoids". The family includes salmo ...

, and is part of the

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide use of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. The definition is contested, in part due to conflict ...

Salmonini along with the sister genera ''

Salvelinus ''Salvelinus'' is a genus of Salmonidae, salmonid fish often called char or charr; some species are called "trout". ''Salvelinus'' is a member of the subfamily Salmoninae within the family Salmonidae. The genus has a northern circumpolar distrib ...

'' and '' Salvethymus''. Almost all ''Salmo'' species are native only in the

Old World The "Old World" () is a term for Afro-Eurasia coined by Europeans after 1493, when they became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia in the Eastern Hemisphere, previously ...

(including most of

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

, coastal

North Africa North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...

and part of

West Asia West Asia (also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia) is the westernmost region of Asia. As defined by most academics, UN bodies and other institutions, the subregion consists of Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Mesopotamia, the Armenian ...

around the

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal sea, marginal Mediterranean sea (oceanography), mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bound ...

), the only exception being the

Atlantic salmon The Atlantic salmon (''Salmo salar'') is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae. It is the third largest of the Salmonidae, behind Hucho taimen, Siberian taimen and Pacific Chinook salmon, growing up to a meter in length. Atlan ...

(''Salmo salar''), which is also naturally found across the

North Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the Age of Discovery, it was known for ...

in eastern

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

. The number of distinct

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

and

subspecies In Taxonomy (biology), biological classification, subspecies (: subspecies) is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (Morphology (biology), morpholog ...

in ''Salmo'' is a debated issue. The Atlantic salmon and

brown trout The brown trout (''Salmo trutta'') is a species of salmonid ray-finned fish and the most widely distributed species of the genus ''Salmo'', endemic to most of Europe, West Asia and parts of North Africa, and has been widely introduced globally ...

(''Salmo trutta'') are widespread species and have been introduced worldwide as farmed

food fish Many species of fish are caught by humans and consumed as food in virtually all regions around the world. Their meat has been an important dietary source of protein and other nutrients in the human diet. The English language does not have a s ...

or recreational

game fish Game fish, sport fish or quarry refer to popular fish species pursued by recreational fishing, recreational fishers (typically angling, anglers), and can be freshwater fish, freshwater or saltwater fish. Game fish can be fish as food, eaten aft ...

, while most of the other ''Salmo'' species are narrowly distributed forms

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...

to single watersheds. The name ''Salmo'' derives from the

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

''salmō'', meaning

salmon Salmon (; : salmon) are any of several list of commercially important fish species, commercially important species of euryhaline ray-finned fish from the genera ''Salmo'' and ''Oncorhynchus'' of the family (biology), family Salmonidae, native ...

. The vast majority of the ''Salmo'' species are actually

trout Trout (: trout) is a generic common name for numerous species of carnivorous freshwater ray-finned fishes belonging to the genera '' Oncorhynchus'', ''Salmo'' and ''Salvelinus'', all of which are members of the subfamily Salmoninae in the ...

, except the Atlantic salmon, which along with six

Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean, or, depending on the definition, to Antarctica in the south, and is bounded by the cont ...

species from the genus ''

Oncorhynchus ''Oncorhynchus'', from Ancient Greek ὄγκος (''ónkos''), meaning "bend", and ῥύγχος (''rhúnkhos''), meaning "snout", is a genus of ray-finned fish in the subfamily Salmoninae of the family (biology), family Salmonidae, native to col ...

'' (also from the subfamily Salmoninae, but of a different tribe) constitute the only seven officially recognized species of salmon. Only two fossil species are known: †'' Salmo immigratus'' Gorjanovic-Kramberger, 1891 from the

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

Croatia Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a country in Central Europe, Central and Southeast Europe, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herze ...

, and †'' Salmo derzhavini'' Vladimirov, 1946 from the

late Pliocene Late or LATE may refer to: Everyday usage * Tardy, or late, not being on time * Late (or the late) may refer to a person who is dead Music * Late (The 77s album), ''Late'' (The 77s album), 2000 * Late (Alvin Batiste album), 1993 * Late!, a pseudo ...

Armenia Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia (country), Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to ...

. ''S. immigratus'' was initially dated to the

Late Miocene The Late Miocene (also known as Upper Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene epoch (geology), Epoch made up of two faunal stage, stages. The Tortonian and Messinian stages comprise the Late Miocene sub-epoch, which lasted from 11.63 Ma (million ye ...

, though more recent analyses suggest that it may date to the

Middle Miocene The Middle Miocene is a sub-epoch of the Miocene epoch (geology), epoch made up of two Stage (stratigraphy), stages: the Langhian and Serravallian stages. The Middle Miocene is preceded by the Early Miocene. The sub-epoch lasted from 15.97 ± 0. ...

, or the regional Sarmatian stage. ''S. immigratus'' appears to be a basal member of the genus, while ''S. derzhavini'' represents the earliest known occurrence of the

species complex In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each oth ...

Species

The species currently listed in this genus are: * '' Salmo abanticus'' Tortonese, 1954 (Lake Abant trout) * '' Salmo akairos'' Delling & Doadrio, 2005 (Lake Ifni trout) * '' Salmo aphelios'' Kottelat, 1997 (summer trout) * '' Salmo balcanicus'' ( S. L. Karaman, 1927) (Struga trout) * '' Salmo baliki''

Turan Turan (; ; , , ) is a historical region in Central Asia. The term is of Iranian origin and may refer to a particular prehistoric human settlement, a historic geographical region, or a culture. The original Turanians were an Iranian tribe of th ...

, İsmail Aksu, Münevver Oral, Kaya, Bayçelebi, 2021 * '' Salmo carpio''

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...

1758 Events January–March * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoologic ...

(Lake Garda trout) * '' Salmo caspius'' Kessler, 1877 (Caspian trout) * '' Salmo cenerinus'' Nardo, 1847 * '' Salmo cettii''

Rafinesque Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; 22 October 178318 September 1840) was a French early 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ult ...

, 1810 (Mediterranean trout) * '' Salmo chilo''

, Kottelat & Engin, 2012 * '' Salmo ciscaucasicus'' Dorofeeva, 1967 (Terek trout) * '' Salmo coruhensis''

, Kottelat & Engin, 2010 (Çoruh river trout) * '' Salmo derzhavini'' Vladimirov, 1946 (

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserve ...

;

Late Pliocene Late or LATE may refer to: Everyday usage * Tardy, or late, not being on time * Late (or the late) may refer to a person who is dead Music * Late (The 77s album), ''Late'' (The 77s album), 2000 * Late (Alvin Batiste album), 1993 * Late!, a pseudo ...

) * '' Salmo dentex'' ( Heckel, 1851) (Zubatak trout)

* '' Salmo euphrataeus''

, Kottelat & Engin, 2014 (Euphrates trout) * '' Salmo ezenami'' L. S. Berg, 1948 (Kezenoi-am trout) * '' Salmo farioides'' S. L. Karaman, 1938 (Balkan brook trout) * '' Salmo ferox''

Jardine Jardine is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Al Jardine (born 1942), member of the Beach Boys * Alexander Jardine (British Army officer) (died 1799), Scottish army officer and author * Alexander Jardine (Medal of Honor) (1874– ...

, 1835 (Ferox trout) * '' Salmo fibreni'' Zerunian & Gandolfi, 1990 (Fibreno trout) * '' Salmo immigratus'' Gorjanovic-Kramberger, 1891 (fossil;

) * '' Salmo ischchan'' (Sevan trout) ** '' S. i. ischchan'' Kessler, 1877 (winter bakhtak) ** '' S. i. aestivalis'' Fortunatov, 1926 (summer bakhtak) ** '' S. i. gegarkuni'' Kessler, 1877 (gegharkuni) ** '' S. i. danilewskii'' Gulelmi, 1888 (bojak) * '' Salmo kottelati''

, Doğan, Kaya, & Kanyılmaz, 2014 (Alakir trout) * '' Salmo labecula''

, Kottelat & Engin, 2012 * '' Salmo labrax''

Pallas Pallas may refer to: Astronomy * 2 Pallas asteroid ** Pallas family, a group of asteroids that includes 2 Pallas * Pallas (crater), a crater on Earth's moon Mythology * Pallas (Giant), a son of Uranus and Gaia, killed and flayed by Athena * Pa ...

, 1814 (Black Sea trout) * '' Salmo letnica'' (S. L. Karaman, 1924) (Pestani trout) * '' Salmo lourosensis'' Delling, 2011 (Louros trout) * '' Salmo lumi'' G. D. Poljakov, Filipi, Basho & Hysenaj, 1958 (Lumi trout) * '' Salmo macedonicus'' (S. L. Karaman, 1924) (Macedonian trout) * '' Salmo macrostigma'' ( A. H. A. Duméril, 1858) (Maghreb trout) * '' Salmo marmoratus'' G. Cuvier, 1829 (marble trout) * '' Salmo montenigrinus'' (S. L. Karaman, 1933) (Montenegro trout) * '' Salmo multipunctatus'' Doadrio, Perea & Yahyaoui, 2015 (Draa trout) * '' Salmo munzuricus''

, Kottelat & Kaya, 2017 * '' Salmo nigripinnis'' Günther, 1866 (Sonaghen trout) * '' Salmo obtusirostris'' ( Heckel, 1851) ** '' S. o. krkensis'' (S. L. Karaman, 1927) (Krka softmouth trout) ** '' S. o. obtusirostris'' Heckel, 1851 (softmouth trout) ** '' S. o. oxyrhynchus'' ( Steindachner, 1882) (Neretva softmouth trout) ** '' S. o. salonitana'' (S. L. Karaman, 1927) (Jadro softmouth trout) ** '' S. o. zetenzis'' ( Hadžišče, 1961) (Zeta softmouth trout) * '' Salmo ohridanus'' Steindachner, 1892 (Ohrid trout) * '' Salmo okumusi''

, Kottelat & Engin, 2014 (Western Euphrates trout) * '' Salmo opimus''

, Kottelat & Engin, 2012 * '' Salmo pallaryi'' Pellegrin, 1924 (Sidi Ali trout) * '' Salmo pelagonicus'' S. L. Karaman, 1938 (Pelagonian trout) * '' Salmo pellegrini'' F. Werner, 1931 (Tensift trout) * '' Salmo peristericus'' S. L. Karaman, 1938 (Prespa trout) * '' Salmo platycephalus'' Behnke, 1968 (flathead trout) * '' Salmo rhodanensis'' Fowler, 1974 (Rhône trout) * '' Salmo rizeensis''

, Kottelat & Engin, 2010 (Rize River trout) * ''

Salmo salar The Atlantic salmon (''Salmo salar'') is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae. It is the third largest of the Salmonidae, behind Hucho taimen, Siberian taimen and Pacific Chinook salmon, growing up to a meter in length. Atlan ...

(Atlantic salmon) Salmo salar flipped

* '' Salmo schiefermuelleri''

Bloch Bloch is a surname of German origin. Notable people with this surname include: A *Adele Bloch-Bauer (1881–1925), Austrian entrepreneur *Albert Bloch (1882–1961), American painter *Alexandre Bloch (1857–1919), French painter *Alfred Bloch ( ...

, 1784 (Austrian Lakes trout) Cuvier-102-truite de mer

* '' Salmo stomachicus'' Günther, 1866 (Gillaroo trout) Les poissons Salmo stomachicus

* '' Salmo taleri'' (S. L. Karaman, 1933) (Zeta trout) * '' Salmo tigridis''

, Kottelat & Bektaş, 2011 (Upper Tigris trout) * ''

Salmo trutta The brown trout (''Salmo trutta'') is a species of salmonid ray-finned fish and the most widely distributed species of the genus ''Salmo'', endemic to most of Europe, West Asia and parts of North Africa, and has been widely introduced species, in ...

** '' S. t. aralensis'' L. S. Berg, 1908 (Aral trout) ** '' S. t. fario''

(brown trout) ** '' S. t. lacustris''

(lake trout) ** '' S. t. oxianus'' Kessler, 1874 (Amu-Darya trout) ** '' S. t. trutta''

(sea trout) * '' Salmo viridis'' Doadrio, Perea & Yahyaoui, 2015 (green trout) * '' Salmo visovacensis'' Taler, 1950 * '' Salmo zrmanjaensis'' Karaman, 1938

References

{{Authority control Extant Miocene first appearances Ray-finned fish genera Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus