__NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family ( Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The

Flora Europaea The ''Flora Europaea'' is a 5-volume encyclopedia of plants, published between 1964 and 1993 by Cambridge University Press. The aim was to describe all the national Floras of Europe in a single, authoritative publication to help readers identify ...

lists 23 species of ''Onobrychis''; the main centre of diversity extends from Central Asia to

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkm ...

, with 56 species – 27 of which are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found els ...

– in the latter country alone. '' O. viciifolia'' is naturalized throughout many countries in Europe and North America

grassland A grassland is an area where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae). However, sedge (Cyperaceae) and rush ( Juncaceae) can also be found along with variable proportions of legumes, like clover, and other herbs. Grasslands occur natur ...

s on

calcareous soil Calcareous () is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime or being chalky. The term is used in a wide variety of scientific disciplines. In zoology ''Calcareous'' is used as an adj ...

Description, ecology and uses

Sainfoins are mostly subtropical plants, but their range extends throughout Europe as far north as southern Sweden. These plants grow on

agricultural land Agricultural land is typically land ''devoted to'' agriculture, the systematic and controlled use of other forms of lifeparticularly the rearing of livestock and production of cropsto produce food for humans. It is generally synonymous with bot ...

and

wasteland Wasteland or waste land may refer to: * Desert or barren area * an uncultivated area of land, whether wooded or not, whether common land or not Art, entertainment, and media Comics * ''Wasteland'' (DC Comics), 1987–1989 anthology-style horror ...

. The leaves are

pinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, an ...

, alternate, with 6 to 14 pairs of oblong to linear leaflets. Sainfoins have pale pink flowers, typically blooming between June and September and

pollinated Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds, ...

honey bee A honey bee (also spelled honeybee) is a eusocial flying insect within the genus ''Apis'' of the bee clade, all native to Afro-Eurasia. After bees spread naturally throughout Africa and Eurasia, humans became responsible for the current cosmop ...

s and

solitary bee Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey. Bees are a monophyletic lineage within the super ...

s. The rounded single-seeded pods bear prominent spikes or similar protrusions in many species, enabling them to cling to the fur of large mammals and be thus distributed. These highly nutritious plants were an important

forage Forage is a plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by grazing livestock. Historically, the term ''forage'' has meant only plants eaten by the animals directly as pasture, crop residue, or immature cereal crops, but it is also us ...

for heavy working horses in

agriculture Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled peop ...

, and are still an excellent source of nectar for honey production as well as

pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametop ...

for bee food. Because sainfoins are rich in

tannins Tannins (or tannoids) are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids. The term ''tannin'' (from Anglo-Norman ''tanner' ...

which protect

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respon ...

s from

hydrolysis Hydrolysis (; ) is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile. Biological hydrolysis ...

in the

rumen The rumen, also known as a paunch, is the largest stomach compartment in ruminants and the larger part of the reticulorumen, which is the first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals. The rumen's microbial favoring environment allow ...

, the proteins are instead absorbed in the

abomasum The abomasum, also known as the maw,The Cham ...

. ''Onobrychis'' typically have a deep

taproot A taproot is a large, central, and dominant root from which other roots sprout laterally. Typically a taproot is somewhat straight and very thick, is tapering in shape, and grows directly downward. In some plants, such as the carrot, the taproo ...

and so are very

drought A drought is defined as drier than normal conditions.Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, an ...

resistant, but do not recover well from

overgrazing Overgrazing occurs when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods. It can be caused by either livestock in poorly managed agricultural applications, game reserves, or nature ...

. Adapted to slow but steady growth in the

arid A region is arid when it severely lacks available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. Regions with arid climates tend to lack vegetation and are called xeric or desertic. Most ...

steppe In physical geography, a steppe () is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without trees apart from those near rivers and lakes. Steppe biomes may include: * the montane grasslands and shrublands biome * the temperate grasslan ...

belt of

Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelag ...

, sainfoins are difficult to establish as pasture, are not persistent in grassland, and only yield one crop of

hay Hay is grass, legumes, or other herbaceous plants that have been cut and dried to be stored for use as animal fodder, either for large grazing animals raised as livestock, such as cattle, horses, goats, and sheep, or for smaller domesticate ...

seed A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiosper ...

s per year. Thus they are seldom grown in any significant extent, though '' O. viciifolia'' is met with somewhat more regularly. ''Onobrychis'' species are used as food plants by the

caterpillar Caterpillars ( ) are the larva, larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterfly, butterflies and moths). As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawfly ...

s of some Lepidoptera species, such as the

case-bearer __NOTOC__ The Coleophoridae are a family of small moths, belonging to the huge superfamily Gelechioidea. Collectively known as case-bearers, casebearing moths or case moths, this family is represented on all continents, but the majority are foun ...

moth Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of ...

Coleophora colutella ''Coleophora colutella'' is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in all of Europe, except Great Britain and Ireland. It is an introduced species in North America. The wingspan is . The larvae feed on '' Anthyllis'', '' Astragalus da ...

'' (recorded on '' O. saxatilis'') and the Damon Blue (''Polyommatus damon'')

butterfly Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprises ...

Nutritional benefits and the latest research

Sainfoin provides a superb forage for grazing animals and voluntary intake of sainfoin by

cattle Cattle (''Bos taurus'') are large, domesticated, cloven-hooved, herbivores. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus '' Bos''. Adult females are referred to as cows and adult ...

and

sheep Sheep or domestic sheep (''Ovis aries'') are domesticated, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock. Although the term ''sheep'' can apply to other species in the genus ''Ovis'', in everyday usage it almost always refers to domesticated sh ...

is 20% higher than for

grass Poaceae () or Gramineae () is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in law ...

. Unlike many other legumes, it is non-bloating and is known to have anthelmintic properties, so reducing the problems associated with livestock

worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and no eyes (though not always). Worms vary in size from microscopic to over in length for marine polychaete worm ...

s. Sainfoin contains

condensed tannin Condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins, polyflavonoid tannins, catechol-type tannins, pyrocatecollic type tannins, non-hydrolyzable tannins or flavolans) are polymers formed by the condensation of flavans. They do not contain sugar residues. The ...

s, and it is these that protect animals against bloat. Sainfoin has also been shown to increase

absorption. This, combined with its other health benefits, mean that animals grazing sainfoin have very rapid liveweight gains, so young stock can be finished sooner and with very good carcass grades. Sainfoin is therefore extremely useful to low input and organic farmers. Yields can be very high at around 16t DM per hectare. Methods and research techniques have been studied and developed to look specifically at Sainfoin polyphenols which include

tannin Tannins (or tannoids) are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids. The term ''tannin'' (from Anglo-Norman ''tanner ...

s and flavonoids. There are significant differences between Sainfoin types and this will lead to further development of Sainfoin plant breeding. One method for improving

nitrogen Nitrogen is the chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a nonmetal and the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table, often called the pnictogens. It is a common element in the universe, estimated at seve ...

utilisation by ruminants and reduce greenhouse gases (CH, NO), without altering their

and energy value, is to use forages that contain

s, such as sainfoin. The

nutritive value Nutritional value or nutritive value as part of food quality is the measure of a well-balanced ratio of the Nutrient#Essentiality, essential nutrients carbohydrates, fat, protein, minerals, and vitamins in items of food or Diet (nutrition), diet con ...

of sainfoin, despite its lower

content than lucerne, is high. Future research, on the nutritional impact of

s is likely not only be based on

content, but also include structure-activity considerations. The results obtained, with sheep at maintenance fed a diet containing only sainfoin will be tested with producing animals, for example growing

and

, lactating ewes,

goat The goat or domestic goat (''Capra hircus'') is a domesticated species of goat-antelope typically kept as livestock. It was domesticated from the wild goat (''C. aegagrus'') of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of ...

s or

cow Cattle (''Bos taurus'') are large, domesticated, cloven-hooved, herbivores. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus '' Bos''. Adult females are referred to as cows and adult ...

s. In producing animals the diet will comprise different forage sources and supplement feeds. Sainfoin is seldom used as a pure crop and is generally introduced in pasture in a

-legume mix with cocksfoot (''

Dactylis ''Dactylis'' is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in the bluegrass subfamily within the grass family. ''Dactylis'' is native to North Africa, they are found throughout the world, and are an invasive species. They are known in Englis ...

''), ryegrass (''

Lolium ''Lolium'' is a genus of tufted grasses in the bluegrass subfamily (Pooideae). It is often called ryegrass, but this term is sometimes used to refer to grasses in other genera. They are characterized by bunch-like growth habits. ''Lolium'' i ...

'') or with other legumes such as red clover, white clover or lucerne. Results have shown the choice of the variety is important. A variety like Esparcette, characterised by the highest

content, may provide beneficial effects with a lower proportion in a mixture with other legumes. Preserving legumes, as

silage Silage () is a type of fodder made from green foliage crops which have been preserved by fermentation to the point of acidification. It can be fed to cattle, sheep and other such ruminants ( cud-chewing animals). The fermentation and storage ...

, is a good way to provide an on-farm source of home-grown energy and

, offers advantages over traditional haymaking, being less weather-dependent, and allows a high quality of forage during the harvesting period. In particular, wrapped

bales of sainfoin have great potential in animal nutrition and can be used by farmers, as found that

effects were not reduced by this mode of preservation.

Etymology

''Onobrychis'' means "devoured by donkeys", from

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic p ...

''ónos'' (ὄνος, "donkey") and ''brýkein'' (βρύκειν, "to eat greedily"). This refers to sainfoin's good properties as a forage plant for large mammalian

herbivore A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthp ...

s. ''Sainfoin'' is derived from

Old French Old French (, , ; Modern French: ) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France from approximately the 8th to the 14th centuries. Rather than a unified language, Old French was a linkage of Romance dialects, mutually intelligi ...

''sain foin'' ("healthy

"). In the words of the 16th-century

soil scientist Soil science is the study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the Earth including soil formation, classification and mapping; physical, chemical, biological, and fertility properties of soils; and these properties in relation to the ...

Olivier de Serres Olivier de Serres (; 1539–1619) was a French author and soil scientist whose '' Théâtre d'Agriculture'' (1600) was the accepted textbook of French agriculture in the 17th century. Biography Serres was born in 1539 at Villeneuve-de-Berg, ...

"The herb is called ''sain-foin'' in France, in Italy ''herba medica'', in Provence and the Languedoc ''luzerne''. From the inordinate praise the plant has been given, for its medical virtues and for fattening the livestock that graze on it, comes the term ''sain''."

In northern European languages that have been less influenced by French, the plants' name usually derives from ''esparceto'', the Provençal term for the similar-looking and closely related sweetvetches (''Hedysarum''). Examples are

Danish Danish may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the country of Denmark People * A national or citizen of Denmark, also called a "Dane," see Demographics of Denmark * Culture of Denmark * Danish people or Danes, people with a Danish ance ...

''esparsette'',

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

''esparcette'',

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...

''Esparsette'', Lithuanian ''esparceta'',

Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken *Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...

''sparceta'',

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...

''espartset'' (Эспарцет) and Swedish ''esparsett''. Meanwhile, the

Occitan Occitan may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania territory in parts of France, Italy, Monaco and Spain. * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania administrative region of France. * Occitan language Occitan (; ...

name of sainfoin, ''luzerne'', has in many languages come to mean species of the related genus ''

Medicago ''Medicago'' is a genus of flowering plants, commonly known as medick or burclover, in the legume family ( Fabaceae). It contains at least 87 species and is distributed mainly around the Mediterranean basin. The best-known member of the genus is ...

'', in particular Alfalfa (''M. sativa''). The native name of the Cock's Head ('' O. caput-galli'') is one of the few words of the extinct

Dacian language Dacian is an extinct language, generally believed to be Indo-European, that was spoken in the Carpathian region in antiquity. In the 1st century, it was probably the predominant language of the ancient regions of Dacia and Moesia and possib ...

that have been recorded. The Dacians called this plant ''aniarsexe'' or ''aniassexie''. In

George Orwell Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950), better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist, and critic. His work is characterised by lucid prose, social criticism, opposition to totalita ...

's ''

Coming Up for Air ''Coming Up for Air'' is the seventh book by English writer George Orwell, published in June 1939 by Victor Gollancz. It was written between 1938 and 1939 while Orwell spent time recuperating from illness in French Morocco, mainly in Marrakesh. ...

'', travelling salesman George Bowling regularly reminisces about the smell of sainfoin in his father's seed shop in Lower Binfield.

List of species

The following

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

are considered at least provisionally valid by the International Legume Database & Information Service; some notable subspecies are also listed:ILDIS (2005) Onobrychis seedpods

* '' Onobrychis acaulis'' Bornm. * '' Onobrychis aequidentata'' (Sm.) d'Urv. * ''

Onobrychis afghanica __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Sirj. & Rech.f. * '' Onobrychis alatavica'' Bajtenov * '' Onobrychis alba'' (Waldst. & Kit.) Desv. ** ''Onobrychis alba'' ssp. ''calcarea'' (Vandas) P.W.Ball * ''

Onobrychis aliacmonia __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family ( Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flor ...

'' Rech.f. * ''

Onobrychis altissima __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Grossh. * '' Onobrychis alyassinicus'' Parsa * ''

Onobrychis amoena __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Popov & Vved. * '' Onobrychis andalanica'' Bornm. * ''

Onobrychis angustifolia __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Fl ...

'' Chinth. (= ''O. petrae sensu auct. fl. Cauc.'') * ''

Onobrychis arenaria __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family ( Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flor ...

'' (Kit.) DC. ** ''Onobrychis arenaria'' ssp. ''arenaria'' (= ''O. tanaitica'' Spreng., ''O. viciifolia sensu auct. fl. Ross.'') ** ''Onobrychis arenaria'' ssp. ''sibirica'' (Besser) P.W.Ball (= ''O. tanaitica'' ''sensu auct. non'' Spreng.) ** ''Onobrychis arenaria'' ssp. ''tommasinii'' (Jord.) Asch. & Graebn. * '' Onobrychis argyrea'' Boiss. (= ''O. ornata'') * ''

Onobrychis arnacantha __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Fl ...

'' Boiss. * ''

Onobrychis atropatana __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Fl ...

'' Boiss. (=? ''O. heterophylla'' ''sensu'' Trautv.) * ''

Onobrychis aucheri __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family ( Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flor ...

'' Boiss. * ''

Onobrychis baldshuanica __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Sirj. * ''

Onobrychis bertiscea __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Sirj. & Rech.f. * '' Onobrychis bicornis'' Vassilcz. (validity requires confirmation) * ''

Onobrychis biebersteinii __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Sirj. (= ''O. sativa'' ''sensu'' Ledeb.) * ''

Onobrychis bobrovii __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Grossh. * ''

Onobrychis buhseana __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Boiss. * ''Onobrychis "buhseana"'' Bunge (validity requires confirmation) * ''

Onobrychis bungei __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Fl ...

'' Boiss. * '' Onobrychis cadevallii'' Jahand. ''et al.'' * ''

Onobrychis caput-galli __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' (L.) Lam. Cock's Head * '' Onobrychis chorassanica'' Boiss. (= ''O. circinnata'' ''sensu auct. fl. As. Med. non'' Ledeb., ''O. radiata sensu auct. fl. As. Med., O. vaginalis sensu auct. fl. As. Med.'') * '' Onobrychis conferta'' (Desf.) Desv. ** ''Onobrychis conferta'' ssp. ''hispanica'' (Sirj.) Guitt. & Kerguelen * '' Onobrychis cornuta'' (L.) Desv. * '' Onobrychis crista-galli'' (L.) Lam. * ''

Onobrychis cyri __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Grossh. (=? ''O. viciaefolia'' ''sensu'' Trautv.) * ''

Onobrychis daghestanica __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Grossh. * '' Onobrychis darwasicaa'' Vassilcz. * '' Onobrychis dealbata'' Stocks * ''

Onobrychis degenii __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Dorfl. * '' Onobrychis depauperata'' Boiss. * '' Onobrychis dielsii'' (Sirj.) Vassilcz. * '' Onobrychis ebenoides'' Boiss. & Spruner * ''

Onobrychis echidna __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Lipsky * ''

Onobrychis elymaitiaca __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Boiss. & Hausskn. * '' Onobrychis eubrychidea'' Boiss. * ''

Onobrychis fallax __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family ( Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flor ...

'' Freyn & Sint. * '' Onobrychis ferganica'' (Sirj.) Grossh. * ''

Onobrychis freitagii __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Rech.f. * ''

Onobrychis galegifolia __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Boiss. * ''

Onobrychis garinensis __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Fl ...

'' * '' Onobrychis gaubae'' Bornm. * '' Onobrychis gontscharovii'' Vassilcz. (= ''O. lipskyi'' ''sensu auct. non'' Korovin) * ''

Onobrychis gracilis __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family ( Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flor ...

'' Besser (= ''O. longeaculeata'' (Pacz.) Wissjul., ''O. petrae'' ''sensu'' Besser) * ''

Onobrychis grandis __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Fl ...

'' Lipsky * ''

Onobrychis grossheimii __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family ( Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flor ...

'' B.Fedtsch. * '' Onobrychis gypsicola'' Rech.f. * ''

Onobrychis hajastana __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Grossh. * ''

Onobrychis hamata __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Vassilcz. * '' Onobrychis haussknechtii'' Boiss. * '' Onobrychis heliocarpa'' Boiss. * '' Onobrychis heterophylla'' C.A.Mey. * '' Onobrychis hohenackerana'' C.A.Mey. * '' Onobrychis humilis'' (Loefl.) G.López ** ''Onobrychis humilis'' ssp. ''humilis'' ** ''Onobrychis humilis'' ssp. ''matritensis'' (Boiss. & Reut.) Greuter & Burdet (= ''O. longeaculeata'' (Boiss.) Pau) * '' Onobrychis hypargyrea'' Boiss. * '' Onobrychis iberica'' Grossh. * ''

Onobrychis inermis __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Steven * '' Onobrychis iranica'' Bornm. * ''

Onobrychis iranshahrii __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Rech.f. * ''

Onobrychis jailae __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family ( Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flor ...

'' Czernova * ''

Onobrychis kabylica __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Fl ...

'' (Bornm.) Sirj. * ''

Onobrychis kachetica __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Boiss. & Buhse * '' Onobrychis kemulariae'' Chinth. (= ''O. biebersteinii sensu auct. fl. Cauc.'') * '' Onobrychis kermanensis'' (Sirj. & Rech.f.) Rech.f. * ''

Onobrychis kluchorica __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Chinth. * '' Onobrychis komarovii'' Grossh. * '' Onobrychis kotschyana'' Fenzl * '' Onobrychis lahidjanicus'' Parsa * '' Onobrychis laxiflora'' Baker (=? ''O. schugnanica'') * '' Onobrychis longipes'' Bunge * '' Onobrychis lunata'' Boiss. * ''

Onobrychis luristanica __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Rech.f. * '' Onobrychis macrorrhiza'' Rech.f. * ''

Onobrychis major __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial plant, perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently ...

'' (Boiss.) Hand.-Mazz. * ''

Onobrychis majorovii __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family ( Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flor ...

'' Grossh. * ''

Onobrychis mazanderanica __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Rech.f. * ''

Onobrychis megalobotrys __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Fl ...

'' Aitch. & Hemsl. (= ''O. vaginalis'' ''sensu auct. non'' C.A.Mey. ''non fl. As. Med.'') * '' Onobrychis megaloptera'' Kovalevsk. (=? ''O. chorassanica'' ''sensu'' Nikitina) * '' Onobrychis megataphros'' Boiss. * '' Onobrychis melanotricha'' Boiss. (=? ''O. belangeri'', =? ''O. linearis'') * ''

Onobrychis mermuelleri __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Fl ...

'' Podlech & Rech.f. * '' Onobrychis meschetica'' Grossh. * ''

Onobrychis michauxii __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' DC. * '' Onobrychis micrantha'' Schrenk * '' Onobrychis microptera'' Baker * '' Onobrychis montana'' DC. * '' Onobrychis nemecii'' Sirj. * ''

Onobrychis nikitinii __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Orazm. * '' Onobrychis novopokrovskii'' Vassilcz. * '' Onobrychis nummularia'' Boiss. * ''

Onobrychis oxyodonta __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Boiss. * ''

Onobrychis oxyptera __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Boiss. * '' Onobrychis oxytropoides'' Bunge * ''

Onobrychis pallasii __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Fl ...

'' (Willd.) M. Bieb. * ''

Onobrychis pallida __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family ( Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flor ...

'' Boiss. & Kotschy * '' Onobrychis paucidentata'' Pomel (validity requires confirmation) * '' Onobrychis persica'' Sirj. & Rech.f. * '' Onobrychis petraea'' (Willd.) Fisch. * ''

Onobrychis pindicola __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Fl ...

'' Hausskn. * '' Onobrychis plantago'' Bornm. * ''

Onobrychis poikilantha __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Rech.f. * '' Onobrychis psoraleifolia'' Boiss. * ''

Onobrychis ptolemaica __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial plant, perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently ...

'' (Delile) DC. * ''

Onobrychis ptychophylla __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Sirj. & Rech.f. * ''

Onobrychis pulchella __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Schrenk * '' Onobrychis pyrenaica'' (Sennen) Sirj. * '' Onobrychis radiata'' (Desf.) M.Bieb. (= ''O. circinata'' Ledeb. * ''

Onobrychis rechingerorum __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

Wendelbo Per Erland Berg Wendelbo (19 September 1927 – 25 September 1981) was a Norwegian botanist. He was born in Oslo, a son of physician Per Kristian Lund Wendelbo and textile designer Sigrun Berg, and grandson of judge and politician Paal Berg ...

* ''

Onobrychis reuteri __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial plant, perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently ...

'' Leresche * '' Onobrychis ruprechtii'' Grossh. * '' Onobrychis samanganica'' Rech.f. * '' Onobrychis saravschanica'' B.Fedtsch. (= ''O. amoena'' ''sensu auct. non'' Popov & Vved., ''O. baldshuanica'' ''sensu auct. non'' Sirj., ''O. baldzuanica'' Sirj., ''O. circinata'' ''sensu auct. non'' Ledeb. ''non fl. As. Med.'') * ''

Onobrychis sauzakensis __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Sirj. & Rech.f. * ''

Onobrychis saxatilis __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Fl ...

'' (L.) Lam. * '' Onobrychis schahuensis'' Bornm. * '' Onobrychis schuschajensis'' O.D.Agajeva * ''

Onobrychis scrobiculata __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family ( Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flor ...

'' Boiss. * '' Onobrychis sennenii'' Sirj. * '' Onobrychis shahpurensis'' Rech.f. * '' Onobrychis sintenisii'' Bornm. * ''

Onobrychis sirdjanicus __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Parsa * '' Onobrychis sojakii'' Rech.f. * ''

Onobrychis sphaciotica __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Greuter * '' Onobrychis spinosissima'' Baker * '' Onobrychis splendida'' Rech.f. & Podlech * '' Onobrychis stenorhiza'' DC. * '' Onobrychis stewartii'' Baker * ''

Onobrychis subacaulis __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Fl ...

'' Boiss. * ''

Onobrychis subnitens __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family ( Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flor ...

'' Bornm. * ''

Onobrychis supina __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family ( Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flor ...

'' (Vill.) DC. * '' Onobrychis susiana'' Nabelek * ''

Onobrychis szovitsii __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Fl ...

'' Boiss. * ''

Onobrychis talagonica __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Fl ...

'' Rech.f. * ''

Onobrychis tavernieraefolia __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Boiss. * '' Onobrychis tesquicola'' Krytzka * '' Onobrychis tournefortii'' (Willd.) Desv. * ''

Onobrychis transcaspica __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family ( Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flor ...

'' V.V.Nikitin * ''

Onobrychis transcaucasica __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Grossh. * '' Onobrychis transsilvanica'' * '' Onobrychis vaginalis'' C.A.Mey. * ''

Onobrychis vassilczenkoi __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Grossh. * '' Onobrychis verae'' Sirj. (= ''O. lipskyi'' Korovin) * ''

Onobrychis venosa ''Onobrychis venosa'', veined sainfoin is a perennial, spreading or suberect herb 10–25 cm high, with a short stem. Leaves alternate, compound, imparipinnate, leaflets ovoid to suborbicular 10-40 x 5–30 mm with characteristic bronz ...

'' (Desf).Desv. * ''

Onobrychis viciifolia ''Onobrychis viciifolia'', also known as ''O. sativa'' or common sainfoin () has been an important forage legume in temperate regions until the 1950s. During the Green Revolution it was replaced by high yielding alfalfa and clover species. Due ...

'' Scop. (= ''O. sativa'' Lam.) * ''

Onobrychis wettsteinii __NOTOC__ ''Onobrychis'', the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species are presently known. The Flo ...

'' Nabelek

Footnotes

References

* International Legume Database & Information Service (ILDIS) (2005
Genus ''Onobrychis''
Version 10.01, November 2005. Retrieved 2009-JAN-26. * Muẓaffariyān, Valī Allāh (1996) ''Farhang-i nāmhā-yi giyāhān-i Īrān: Lātīnī, Inglīsī, Fārsī'' A dictionary of Iranian plant names: Latin, English, Persian" Tehran: Farhang-i Muʻāṣir

n Persian with Latin and English names N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''. History ...

* Hayot Carbonero, C., Mueller-Harvey, I., Smith, L., Brown, T. A review of a beneficial forage, ''Plant Genetic Resources: Utilization and Characterization'' 2011, 9, 70–85. * Stringano, E., Hayot Carbonero, C., Smith, L.M.J., Brown, R.H., Mueller-Harvey, I. Proanthocyanidin diversity in the EU 'Healthy Hay' sainfoin (''Onobrychis viciifolia'') germplasm collection ''Phytochemistry'' 2012, 77, 197–208. * Niderkorn, V., Mueller-Harvey, I., Le Morvan, A., Aufrère, J. Synergistic effects of mixing cocksfoot and sainfoin on ''in vitro'' rumen fermentation. Role of condensed tannins. ''Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.'' 2012, 178, 48–56. * Theodoridou, K., Aufrère, J., Andueza, D., Le Morvan, A., Picard, F., Stringano, E., Pourrat, J., Mueller-Harvey, I., Baumont, R. Effect of plant development during first and second growth cycle on chemical composition, condensed tannins and nutritive value of three sainfoin (''Onobrychis viciifolia'') varieties and Lucerne. ''Grass For. Sci.'' 2011, 66, 402–414. * Theodoridou, K., Aufrère, J., Andueza, D., Pourrat, J., Le Morvan, A., Stringano, E., Mueller-Harvey, I., Baumont, R. Effects of condensed tannins in fresh sainfoin (''Onobrychis viciifolia'') on ''in vivo'' and ''in situ'' digestion in sheep ''Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.'' 2010, 160, 23–38. * Stringano, E., Cramer, R., Hayes, W., Smith, C., Gibson, T., Mueller-Harvey, I. Deciphering the complexity of sainfoin (''Onobrychis viciifolia'') proanthocyanidins by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry with a judicious choice of isotope patterns and matrices. ''Anal. Chem.'' 2011, 83, 4147–4153. * papers by M. Lorenz and P. Uden (Uppsala University) {{Authority control Hedysareae Forages Taxa named by Philip Miller Fabaceae genera