The saddle wrasse (''Thalassoma duperrey''), also known as Hīnālea Lauwili in Hawaiʻi, is a species of

wrasse The wrasses are a family, Labridae, of marine ray-finned fish, many of which are brightly colored. The family is large and diverse, with over 600 species in 81 genera, which are divided into nine subgroups or tribes. They are typically small, ...

native to the waters around the

Hawaiian Islands The Hawaiian Islands () are an archipelago of eight major volcanic islands, several atolls, and numerous smaller islets in the Pacific Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, extending some from the Hawaii (island), island of Hawaii in the south to nort ...

and

Johnston Island Johnston Atoll is an unincorporated territory of the United States, under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force (USAF). The island is closed to public entry, and limited access for management needs is only granted by a letter of autho ...

. They are found on

reefs A reef is a ridge or shoal of rock, coral, or similar relatively stable material lying beneath the surface of a natural body of water. Many reefs result from natural, abiotic (non-living) processes such as deposition of sand or wave eros ...

at depths from . This species can reach in

total length Fish measurement is the measuring of individual fish and various parts of their anatomies, for data used in many areas of ichthyology, including taxonomy and fishery biology. Overall length Standard length (SL) is the length of a fish measured f ...

. This species can also be found in the

aquarium An aquarium (: aquariums or aquaria) is a vivarium of any size having at least one transparent side in which aquatic plants or animals are kept and displayed. fishkeeping, Fishkeepers use aquaria to keep fish, invertebrates, amphibians, aquati ...

trade.

Description

Adults of the saddle wrasse have a dark blue-green head followed by a dull orange band that will intensify during the spawning seasons, as for the rest of the body it is blue-green with numerous magenta arrows running down the sides. Terminal males typically have a white bar around the orange band that is able to be turned on or off, as well as a crescent-shaped tail fin. Juveniles tend to be more whitish with a dark stripe that runs from the top of the head to the tail. Smaller adults are able to revert to the juvenile coloration to avoid harassment from larger fish. Saddle wrasses can grow up to 11.5 inches (29.21 cm) in length.

Distribution and habitat

Saddle wrasses are endemic to Hawaii as well as Johnston Atoll, where they are very common. Saddle wrasses can be found in intertidal and shallow habitats down to about 70 ft (21.34 m) of depth. They are found in areas with a lot of corals, rocks, nooks, and crannies to have a quiet get-away and hiding place from potential threats. These fish sleep hidden in holes or burrows in sandy areas.

Diet

Saddle wrasses are carnivores and opportunistic feeders, consuming anything that will become available to them. As juveniles, they will tend to be considered “cleaners'': such as picking parasites from larger fish or animals, but as they mature they will start to scavenge for worms, shells, mollusks, shrimps, and other crustaceans. They have canine teeth and pharyngeal bones near their gills in order to help crush the shells.

Human use and cultural significance

Hīnālea were integral to society and fishing communities in Hawaii as a staple food and regular item in the Hawaiian diet. They were also regularly used in ceremonies and offerings to Hawaiian gods and goddesses. Specific fishing practices include melomelo, where club-like sticks were charred and anointed in oil to attract hīnālea when submerged underwater. Fishermen, or lawai‘a, wove baskets, called hīnaʻi hoʻoluʻuluʻu, out of vines of the endemic ‘āwikiwiki plant, which then were weighted and dropped into the ocean to trap hīnālea.

References

Thalassoma Fish of Hawaii Fish described in 1824 {{Labridae-stub