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The Saco River ( ,
Abenaki The Abenaki ( Abenaki: ''Wαpánahki'') are Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands of Canada and the United States. They are an Algonquian-speaking people and part of the Wabanaki Confederacy. The Eastern Abenaki language was pred ...
: ''Sαkóhki'') is a river in northeastern
New Hampshire New Hampshire ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Gulf of Maine to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec t ...
and southwestern
Maine Maine ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the United States, and the northeasternmost state in the Contiguous United States. It borders New Hampshire to the west, the Gulf of Maine to the southeast, and the Provinces and ...
in the
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. It drains a rural area of of forests and farmlands west and southwest of Portland, emptying into the
Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five borders of the oceans, oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the ...
at Saco Bay, from its source.U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data
The National Map
accessed June 30, 2011
It supplies drinking water to roughly 250,000 people in thirty-five towns; and historically provided transportation and water power encouraging development of the cities of Biddeford and Saco and the towns of Fryeburg and Hiram.
Samuel de Champlain Samuel de Champlain (; 13 August 1574#Fichier]For a detailed analysis of his baptismal record, see #Ritch, RitchThe baptism act does not contain information about the age of Samuel, neither his birth date nor his place of birth. – 25 December ...
sailed a portion of the river in 1605 and referred to it as ''Chouacoet'', which he said was the name used by the Wabanaki Confederacy, Almouchiquois people. Various sources also give their name as "Sokoki" (a term also used for the Missiquoi people of western New England) and as being either the ancestors or close relatives of the Pequawket who lived along the river near present-day Fryeburg. William O. Bright attributed the origin of "Saco" to an
Eastern Abenaki language Abenaki (Eastern: ', Western: ), also known as Wôbanakiak, is an endangered Eastern Algonquian languages, Eastern Algonquian language of Quebec and the northern states of New England. The language has Eastern and Western forms which differ i ...
word meaning "land where the river comes out", which he connected to similar place names like Saugus, said to come from the Pawtucket word for "outlet".


Course

The river rises at Saco Lake in
Crawford Notch Crawford Notch is a major pass through the White Mountains of New Hampshire, located in Hart's Location. Roughly half of that town is contained in Crawford Notch State Park. The high point of the notch, at approximately above sea level, is a ...
in the White Mountains and flows generally south-southeast through Bartlett and
Conway Conway may refer to: Places United States * Conway, Arkansas * Conway County, Arkansas * Lake Conway, Arkansas * Conway, Florida * Conway, Iowa * Conway, Kansas * Conway, Louisiana * Conway, Massachusetts * Conway, Michigan * Conway Townshi ...
in Carroll County, New Hampshire before crossing into Oxford County, Maine. Shortly after entering Fryeburg, Maine, the river branches into the "Old Course" Saco River and the more commonly used "Canal River". Constructed in the 1800s to be more convenient for farmers, the canal is shorter than the old course and is now considered to be the official course for the river, as the upstream end of the old course is largely silted over. The two channels merge again near
Lovell, Maine Lovell is a New England town, town in Oxford County, Maine, Oxford County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,104 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. Lovell is the site of Kezar Lake, a resort area. History In 1774, the Massa ...
. After running through six
hydropower Hydropower (from Ancient Greek -, "water"), also known as water power or water energy, is the use of falling or fast-running water to Electricity generation, produce electricity or to power machines. This is achieved by energy transformation, ...
stations operated by NextEra Energy Resources (including Skelton Dam and Bonny Eagle Dam), the river enters York County, crosses under
Interstate 95 Interstate 95 (I-95) is the main north–south Interstate Highway on the East Coast of the United States, running from U.S. Route 1 (US 1) in Miami, Florida, north to the Houlton–Woodstock Border Crossing between Maine and the ...
, and passes between Saco and Biddeford, where it is bridged by U.S. Route 1. It enters Saco Bay on the Atlantic with Camp Ellis in Saco on the north shore and Hills Beach in Biddeford on the south shore.


Stream flow

The United States government maintains three stream gauges on the Saco River. The first is at Bartlett, New Hampshire (), then in
Conway, New Hampshire Conway is a New England town, town in Carroll County, New Hampshire, Carroll County, New Hampshire, United States. It is the most populous community in the county, with a population of 9,822 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, down from ...
(), where the river's watershed is . Discharge (stream flow) here averages and has ranged from a minimum of to a maximum of . The third is at Cornish, Maine () where the watershed is . Flow here averages and has ranged from a minimum of to a maximum of .


Attractions

The Saco is a popular recreational river, drawing an estimated 3,000 to 7,000 people per summer weekend, mostly on the stretch from Swan's Falls (a campground formerly maintained by the
Appalachian Mountain Club Appalachian Mountain Club (AMC) is the oldest outdoor group in the United States. Created in 1876 to explore and preserve the White Mountains (New Hampshire), White Mountains in New Hampshire, it has expanded throughout the northeastern U.S., wit ...
and now maintained by the Saco River Recreation Council) to Brownfield, Maine. There are many sand beaches along the Saco when not at flood stage, and camping is allowed along some of these beaches for free. Misuse, including large quantities of garbage left behind by users and illegal fires, as well as discourtesy toward landowners, has led many beaches to be posted and monitored. A permit is required from the State of Maine for campfires along any unposted river beaches. The Saco is a major attraction for canoeists. One area of the river, Walker's Rip, is a set of rapids that has caused less talented canoers to capsize, although it can be navigated successfully. Several
canoeing Canoeing is an activity which involves paddling a canoe with a single-bladed paddle. In some parts of Europe, canoeing refers to both canoeing and kayaking, with a canoe being called an 'open canoe' or Canadian. A few of the recreational ...
rentals are available throughout the river's distance. The Saco River is also famous for sport fishing, even though the number of fish in it has decreased tremendously throughout time.


Problems

Multiple violent and reportedly alcohol-related incidents in 2001 led to increased police patrols and efforts by livery companies, landowners, and government agencies to improve conditions.


Major tributaries

Listed from source to mouth: * Dry River (left) *
Sawyer River The Sawyer River is a river in the White Mountains (New Hampshire), White Mountains of New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Saco River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean in Maine. The Sawyer River rises in the unincorpora ...
(right) * Rocky Branch (left) * Ellis River (left) * East Branch Saco River (left) * Swift River (right) * Old Course Saco River (left) * Shepards River (right) * Tenmile River (right) * Hancock Brook (left) * Ossipee River (right) * Little Ossipee River (right)


See also

* List of rivers of Maine *
List of rivers of New Hampshire This is a list of rivers and significant streams in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. All watercourses named "River" (freshwater or tidal) are listed here, as well as other streams which are either subject to thNew Hampshire Comprehensive Shorelan ...


References


External links


EPA Saco River Watershed Profile


at MaineRivers.org * Real-time flow data for th
Conway, NH
an
Cornish, ME
gages
Saco River Corridor Commission

Saco River Cleanup
an annual event sponsored by the Saco River Recreation Council
"Popular river struggles with balancing act"
''Portland Press Herald'', Aug. 11, 2002 {{Authority control Rivers of Carroll County, New Hampshire Rivers of Oxford County, Maine Rivers of York County, Maine Maine placenames of Native American origin New Hampshire placenames of Native American origin