SUMO

enzymatic Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. ...

cascade

catalyzes Catalysis () is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst (). Catalysts are not consumed in the reaction and remain unchanged after it. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst recycl ...

the dynamic

posttranslational modification Post-translational modification (PTM) is the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis. This process occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus. Proteins are synthesized by ribosome ...

process of sumoylation (i.e. transfer of

SUMO protein In molecular biology, SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier) proteins are a family of small proteins that are covalently attached to and detached from other proteins in cells to modify their function. This process is called SUMOylation (sometimes wr ...

to other proteins). The Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier,

SUMO-1 Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SUMO1'' gene. Function This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) protein family. It is a ubiquitin-like protein ...

, is a ubiquitin-like family member that is conjugated to its

substrate Substrate may refer to: Physical layers *Substrate (biology), the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the surface or medium on which an organism grows or is attached ** Substrate (locomotion), the surface over which an organism lo ...

s through three discrete enzymatic steps (see the figure on the right): activation, involving the E1 enzyme (

SAE1 SUMO-activating enzyme subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SAE1'' gene. Interactions SAE1 has been shown to interact with SAE2, the protein product of the gene UBA2 Ubiquitin-like 1-activating enzyme E1B (UBLE1B) also ...

/ SAE2); conjugation, involving the E2 enzyme (

UBE2I SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2I'' gene. It is also sometimes referred to as "ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2I" or "ubiquitin carrier protein 9", even though these names do not accurately describe ...

); substrate modification, through the cooperation of the E2 and E3 protein ligases. SUMO pathway modifies hundreds of proteins that participate in diverse cellular processes. SUMO pathway is the most studied

ubiquitin Ubiquitin is a small (8.6 kDa) regulatory protein found in most tissues of eukaryotic organisms, i.e., it is found ''ubiquitously''. It was discovered in 1975 by Gideon Goldstein and further characterized throughout the late 1970s and 1980s. F ...

-like pathway that regulates a wide range of cellular events, evidenced by a large number of sumoylated proteins identified in more than ten large-scale studies.G. Rosas-Acosta, W.K. Russell, A. Deyrieux, D.H. Russell and V.G. Wilson, A universal strategy for proteomic studies of SUMO and other ubiquitin-like modifiers, Mol. Cell. Proteomics 4 (2005), pp. 56–72

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sumo Enzymes Metabolism Post-translational modification Proteins

See also

References