SS Stratheden

SS ''Stratheden'' was a UK-built steam turbine ocean liner. She spent most of her career with the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, including the Second World War when she served for six years as a troop ship.

In 1964 John S Latsis bought ''Stratheden'', renamed her ''Henrietta Latsi'' and put her into service as a cruise ship. In 1966 he renamed her ''Marianna Latsi''. She was laid up from 1967 and scrapped in 1969.

''Stratheden'' was the fourth to be built of a set of five sister ships that came to be called the "Strath" class. All previous P&O steamships had black-painted hulls and funnels but the "Strath" class were painted with white hulls and buff funnels, which earned them the nickname "The Beautiful White Sisters" or just "The White Sisters".

Building

The Vickers-Armstrongs at Barrow-in-Furness built all five "Strath" class liners. The Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry launched ''Stratheden'' on 10 June 1937 and the ship was completed in December 1937.

The "Strath" class varied very slightly in size. ''Stratheden'' had exactly the same dimensions as the fourth ship in the class, ''Strathallan'': long, beam and draught. ''Stratheden''s tonnages were , and .

Like and ''Strathallan'', ''Stratheden'' had mechanical reduction drive from her turbines to her screws and was built with only one funnel. This is unlike the earlier and , which had turbo-electric transmission and were each built with three funnels. The "Strath" class ships thus form two sub-classes, with ''Stratheden'' being in the later sub-class.

After building ''Strathmore'', Vickers-Armstrongs made further changes to the ''Strath''-series design. ''Stratheden'' was given a funnel taller to keep her decks cleaner, and her promenade deck had fewer supports than ''Strathmore''s to give a more open, less crowded appearance. There were also slight changes to the arrangement of the public saloons, and her tourist class saloons were bigger than ''Strathmore''s. ''Strathallan'' was built to the same design as ''Stratheden''.

''Stratheden'' had four water-tube boilers and two auxiliary boilers with a combined heating surface of . They supplied steam at 450 lb_f/in² to six steam turbines which drove her twin screws by single reduction gearing. Between them the turbines developed 4,912 NHP and gave her a service speed of .

On sea trials on 10 December 1937 ''Stratheden'' achieved a top speed of . On 16 December Vickers delivered her to P&O.

Civilian service

''Stratheden''s pre-war service alternated seasonally between scheduled liner services and holiday cruises. Her scheduled liner route was between Tilbury in England and Brisbane in Queensland via the Straits of Gibraltar, Suez Canal, Bombay, Colombo, Fremantle, Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney. She left Tilbury on her maiden voyage to Brisbane on Christmas Eve, 24 December 1937.

On 1 September 1939, the day that Germany invaded Poland, ''Stratheden'' sailed from Tilbury for Australia via India and Ceylon as scheduled. It was the last time she saw her home port of Tilbury for more than six years. She went as far as Sydney, where she arrived on 11 October. She began her return voyage on 17 October and passed through the Suez Canal on 14 November, but because of the war she docked in Plymouth on 24 November and did not continue to Tilbury.

On 12 December 1939 ''Stratheden'' left Britain for Australia, this time sailing from Southampton instead of Tilbury. She went via Gibraltar and the Suez Canal, celebrated Christmas in the Indian Ocean, called at Bombay, and arrived at Colombo on New Year's Day 1940. On this voyage she went via Singapore, and reached Sydney on 19 January. On her return voyage her ports of call included Malta on 27 February and Marseille two days later, and she reached Southampton in 6 March.

Troop ship

On 19 March 1940 the Ministry of Shipping requisitioned ''Stratheden'' to be a troop ship. On 30 March she left Southampton for Australia, sailed via the Mediterranean and Suez Canal as usual, and reached Brisbane on 13 May. She began her return voyage from Brisbane the same day, and called at Colombo on 8–9 June.

But on 10 June, the day after ''Stratheden'' left Colombo, Italy declared war on the Allies, which made the Mediterranean unsafe for Allied merchant shipping. And France capitulated on 22 June, ceding her entire Channel and Atlantic coasts to Germany, which brought shipping to and from Southampton within easier range of enemy attack.

''Stratheden'' diverted to Cape Town, where she joined Orient Line's and Pacific Steam's to form Convoy BC C which sailed on 24 June 1940 for Freetown in Sierra Leone. There they joined three other UK merchant ships to form Convoy BC A, which the Royal Navy escorted to Liverpool, arriving on 16 July.

On 5 August 1940 ''Stratheden'' left Liverpool carrying 699 passengers and 317 troops. She sailed with Convoy WS 2 via Freetown and Cape Town as far as Bombay. WS 2 included the "Strath" liner and ten other troop ships, the largest of which was Canadian Pacific's liners .

''Stratheden'' reached Bombay on 15 September 1940 and left a week later carrying 268 passengers and 418 troops with Convoy BM 1. Some of her passengers disembarked at Colombo, whence ''Stratheden'' continued with Convoy BM1 to Singapore. From there she sailed unescorted via Fremantle, Adelaide and Melbourne and reached Sydney on 17 October. ''Stratheden'' did not see Australia again until after the war was over, in October 1945.

Troops to Egypt

''Stratheden'' spent most of the next two years moving troops between Britain, India, Ceylon and Egypt: sometimes in convoys but other times unescorted. In 1941 her movements varied to include calls in Trinidad in the Lesser Antilles and Halifax in Nova Scotia.

In spring 1941 ''Stratheden'' carried 3,264 troops in Convoy WS 7, which included 10 troop ships carrying a total of at least 24,615 troops. WS 7 left the Clyde on 24 March, reached Freetown on 4 April and then split into sections to continue to Cape Town and Suez. WS 7 included all five of P&O's "Strath" liners, and may be the only time all five sisters sailed together.

WS 7 also included P&O's , the French liner , Royal Mail Lines' , Canadian Pacific's , , and , Cunard-White Star Line's , Orient Line's , , and , Union-Castle Line's and and the Dutch ''Johan van Oldenbarnevelt''.

WS 7's escorts were led by the battleship , supported by the battleship and two light cruisers. There were 19 destroyers: 16 Royal Navy plus the Royal Canadian Navy destroyer HMCS ''St Clair'', Free French destroyer and Free Polish destroyer .

Trinidad and Canada

On 15 May 1941 ''Stratheden'' left Suez for a long, indirect, unescorted voyage home to Britain. She called at Port Sudan, Mombasa, Durban and Cape Town, then crossed the Atlantic twice: westward to Trinidad, where she called on 5–6 June, and then eastward to the Clyde, where she arrived on 18 June.

''Stratheden'' next made two crossings to Canada. On 8 August 1941 she left the Clyde carrying 3,391 troops in Convoy CT 1 to Halifax, and on 26 August she left Halifax with Convoy TC 12B carrying 3,269 troops to the Clyde. On 17 September she left the Clyde carrying 3,169 troops with Convoy WS 1 to Halifax.

On 27 September 1941 ''Stratheden'' left Halifax for Egypt. She sailed unescorted via Trinidad and Cape Town to Durban. There she joined Convoy CM 18X, which left on 29 October and took her as far as Aden. By the time she left Durban, ''Stratheden'' was carrying 3,190 troops. From Aden she continued unescorted to Suez, where she arrived on 16 November.

On 16 November 1941 ''Stratheden'' left Suez unescorted for Canada. She called at Port Sudan, Durban and Cape Town, celebrated Christmas 1941 in mid-Atlantic, reached Trinidad on New Year's Eve and Halifax on 5 January 1942. On 9 January 1942 ''Stratheden'' left Halifax carrying 2,866 troops in Convoy NA 1 to the Clyde.

Troops to India and Egypt

On 16 February 1942 ''Stratheden'' left the Clyde carrying 4,134 troops in Convoy WS 16. She called at Freetown and Durban, where WS 16 divided and she continued with WS 16B to Bombay, where she arrived on 8 April. On 18 April ''Stratheden'' left Bombay unescorted for her return voyage. She called at Cape Town and Freetown and reached the Clyde on 23 May.

On 21 June 1942 ''Stratheden'' left the Clyde carrying 4,496 troops and joined Convoy WS 20, which included 15 troop ships and carried least 44,305 troops. WS 20's largest troop ship was ''Stirling Castle'', one of three Union-Castle liners in the convoy. ''Strathmore'' was also in WS 20, carrying 4,710 troops. WS 20's escorts were led by the battleship , supported by 15 Royal Navy destroyers and the Canadian destroyer HMCS ''Georgetown''.

Convoy WS 20 divided. ''Stratheden'' continued to the Indian Ocean in Convoy WS 20A, which dispersed off Aden. ''Stratheden'' reached Suez on 11 August 1942. ''Stratheden'' returned home unescorted. She left Suez on 14 August 1942, called at Durban, Port Elizabeth, Cape Town and Freetown and reached Liverpool on 26 September.

Operation Torch

In Liverpool ''Stratheden'' was fitted with additional anti-aircraft guns. In October 1942 she took part in a troop landing exercise off the Isle of Mull. Her next mission was Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of Vichy French North Africa.

On 1 November 1942 carrying 3,646 troops she left the Clyde for Algiers in Convoy KMF 2, whose 13 troop ships included ''Strathmore'', ''Empress of Canada'', '' Duchess of Richmond'' and three US Moore-McCormack liners , and ''Uruguay''. KMF 2 also included cargo ships laden with stores and petrol. The convoy was escorted by four Royal Navy destroyers, three sloops, two US Coast Guard cutters on loan to the Royal Navy, and the armed yacht HMS ''Philante''. ''Stratheden'' returned from Algiers in Convoy MKF 2.

A few weeks later ''Stratheden'' took another 4,714 troops to Algiers in Convoy KMF 4, which left the Clyde on 27 November. The convoy's troop ships included '' Monarch of Bermuda'', , ''Duchess of Bedford'', ''Otranto'', three Union-Castle liners, three Dutch troop ships and the Polish ''Batory'' and . The light cruiser led KMF 4's escorts, which included 12 Royal Navy destroyers, the Royal Australian Navy destroyer and two frigates. ''Stratheden'' returned from Algiers in Convoy MKF 4, which reached the Clyde on 18 December.

Two voyages to India

On 23 January 1943 ''Stratheden'' left the Clyde for India with the P&O troop ships and ''Maloja''. Between them they carried 13,244 troops, of whom 4,643 were aboard ''Stratheden''. They sailed as far as Freetown in Convoy WS 26, which consisted mostly of troop ships, including , ''Empress of Canada'', ''Duchess of Richmond'', ''Mooltan'', ''Arundel Castle'', two Dutch troop ships and one Belgian. WS 26's escorts included the armed merchant cruisers ''Canton'' and ''Cilicia'', five Royal Navy destroyers, two Australian destroyers, two Greek Navy destroyers and a frigate. Convoy WS 26 divided and ''Stratheden'' continued to India in Convoy WS 26B, which reached Bombay on 17 March 1943.

''Stratheden'' began her return voyage a week later. She sailed unescorted from Bombay to Cape Town, where she joined the troop ship to form Convoy CF 12 to Freetown. By the time the two ships left Cape Town on 19 April, ''Stratheden'' was carrying 1,642 troops and 1,496 prisoners of war. From Freetown the pair continued as Convoy CF 12A, reaching Liverpool on 10 May 1943.

On 19 June 1943 ''Stratheden'' left the Clyde carrying 4,397 troops to India. Off Liverpool the next day she joined Convoy WS 31, whose largest troop ship was ''Stirling Castle''. WS 31's escorts were led by the light cruiser and flotilla leader and included 14 destroyers. From Freetown ''Stratheden'' continued unescorted via Cape Town to Bombay, where she arrived on 13 August.

On 19 August 1943 ''Stratheden'' sailed unescorted from Bombay to Durban, where she embarked 4,653 troops and on 14 September sailed for Egypt. She sailed as far as Aden with Convoy CM 45, whose largest troop ship was ''Stirling Castle''. CM 45 was heavily escorted by the battleship , heavy cruiser , light cruiser , three Royal Navy destroyers and three Australian destroyers. From Aden ''Stratheden'' continued unescorted through the Suez Canal and reached Port Said on 16 October.

Between Britain and Egypt

On 17 October 1943 ''Stratheden'' left Port Said for the Clyde in Convoy MKF 25, whose larger troop ships included ''Britannic'', ''Stirling Castle'', the "Strath" liner ''Strathaird'' and the Italian .

Next ''Stratheden'' joined Convoy KMF 27, which took at least 22,372 troops from Britain to Egypt. 4,600 of them sailed aboard ''Stratheden''. KMF's larger troop ships included ''Strathaird'', ''Maloja'', ''Orontes'', ''Otranto'' and . KMF 27 passed Gibraltar around Christmas Day 1943 and reached Port Said on 30 December.

On 20 January 1944 ''Stratheden'' left Port Said for Britain carrying 4,137 troops as part of Convoy MKF 28. The convoy called at Augusta, Sicily, where the number of troops aboard ''Stratheden'' was increased to 4,524. As the convoy sailed west, more troop ships joined it from Algiers including ''Orion'' and the "Strath" liner ''Strathmore''. By the time MKF 28 passed Gibraltar ithe convoy was carrying almost 24,000 troops. It reached Liverpool on 7 February.

To India and back

On 18 February 1944 ''Stratheden'' left Liverpool carrying 4,330 troops. She joined Convoy KMF 29, which had left the Clyde and took her as far as Alexandria via the Mediterranean. KMF 29 included at least 19 troop ships, the largest of which was . Between them they carried at least 32,652 troops. KMF 29's escorts included two light cruisers, the Canadian anti-aircraft cruiser , nine Royal Navy destroyers, two Greek and two US destroyers and six Royal Navy frigates. From Alexandria ''Stratheden'' continued along the Egyptian coast to Port Said, then through the Suez Canal to Aden, where on 14 March she joined Convoy AB 34A to Bombay. She reached Bombay on 20 March 1944.

On 26 March 1944 ''Stratheden'' left Bombay carrying 2,384 troops. She sailed with Convoy BA 66A as far as Aden, continued unescorted through the Red Sea and Suez Canal. In Port Said she joined Convoy MKF 30, whose largest troop ship was ''Capetown Castle'' and which also included the "Strath" liner ''Strathnaver''. By the time MKF 30 left Port Said on 8 April, ''Stratheden'' was carrying 3,528 troops and ''Strathnaver'' was carrying 5,752. MKF 30's escorts were led by the light cruiser and included HMCS ''Prince Robert'', at least five Royal Navy destroyers, two Greek destroyers and four frigates. MKF 30 reached Liverpool on 21 April and ''Stratheden'' berthed the next day.

Voyages with ''Strathmore''

From May to October 1944 ''Stratheden'' and her sister ''Strathmore'' sailed in the same convoys.

On 5 May 1944 ''Stratheden'' left Liverpool carrying 3,132 troops and joined Convoy KMF 31, which had started from the Clyde and included at least 21 troop ships. The largest was ''Capetown Castle'', and also among them ''Strathmore'' carrying 3,309 troops. In total KMF 31 carried at least 21,025 troops. KMF 31's escorts included HMCS ''Prince Robert'' and on 11 May were joined by the escort carrier . KMF 31 took ''Stratheden'' as far as Port Said, from where she, ''Strathmore'' and several other troop ships continued unescorted through the Suez Canal and Red Sea. At Aden ''Stratheden'' with 4,036 troops and ''Strathmore'' with 4,679 joined Convoy AB 40A, which reached Bombay on 1 June.

On 7 June 1944 ''Stratheden'' carrying 3,226 troops and ''Strathmore'' carrying 2,850 left Bombay in Convoy BA 71. From Aden they continued unescorted to Port Said. There they joined Convoy MKF 32, which took ''Stratheden'' carrying 2,420 troops and ''Strathmore'' carrying 4,180 to Liverpool, where they arrived on 4 July.

On 24 August 1944 ''Stratheden'' carrying 4,418 troops and ''Strathmore'' carrying 3,526 left the Clyde in Convoy KMF 34, which took them as far as Port Said. They continued unescorted to Aden. On 15 September ''Stratheden'' carrying 4,325 troops and ''Strathmore'' carrying 3,994 left Aden in Convoy ABF 4, reaching Bombay on 20 September.

In Bombay they were joined by ''Strathnaver''. On 27 September 1944 ''Stratheden'' carrying 2,017 troops, ''Strathmore'' carrying 3,382 and ''Strathnaver'' carrying 1,467 left Bombay in Convoy BAF 5, which took them as far as Aden. From there they continued unescorted to Port Said. On 10 October ''Stratheden'' carrying 2,585 troops, ''Strathmore'' carrying 3,629 and ''Strathnaver'' carrying 1,902 left Port Said in Convoy MKF 35. In the western Mediterranean more troop ships joined from Naples including ''Capetown Castle'' and ''Monarch of Bermuda'', and other troop ships joined from Algiers. By the time MKF 35 passed Gibraltar it included at least 14 troop ships carrying at least 17,425 troops and 5,876 passengers. On 21 October MKF 35 reached Liverpool. There ''Stratheden'' parted company with her sisters and spent the rest of 1944 in home waters.

Twice more to India

On 18 February 1945 ''Stratheden'' left Liverpool carrying 4,252 troops in Convoy KMF 40, whose largest troop ships were ''Britannic'' and ''Stirling Castle''. KMF 40 took her as far as Gibraltar, from there she continued unescorted through the Mediterranean, Suez Canal and Indian Ocean, reaching Bombay on 12 March. After a fortnight in port ''Stratheden'' left Bombay on 27 March, sailing unescorted back through the Suez Canal to Gibraltar, where she joined MKF 42. By now ''Stratheden'' was carrying 1,898 troops. MKF 42 included ''Duchess of Bedford'' and ''Duchess of Richmond'' and reached Liverpool on 17 April.

On 4 May 1945 Germany unconditionally surrendered, ending the war in Europe. The next day ''Stratheden'' left the Clyde for India carrying 3,031 troops. She sailed as far as Gibraltar in Convoy KMF 44, which was her final convoy of the war. ''Stratheden'' sailed unescorted through the Mediterranean, Suez Canal and Indian Ocean, reaching Bombay on 30 May. She left Bombay on 5 June and returned via the Mediterranean, calling at Algiers on 20–21 June and reaching Liverpool on 25 June.

Canada, Norway and Australia

On 23 July ''Stratheden'' left Liverpool for Québec carrying some of the first Canadian troops to return home. On 10 August ''Stratheden'' got back to Liverpool and on 15 August Japan surrendered, ending the Second World War. ''Stratheden'' had sailed and carried 150,000 armed service personnel without serious incident.

From 31 August to 6 September ''Stratheden'' sailed from Liverpool to Oslo and back. On 17 September she left Liverpool on her first voyage to Australia for five years. She called briefly at Malta, reached Fremantle on 12 October and Sydney on 19 October. She began her return voyage from Sydney on 26 October and called at Fremantle and Bombay. On 3 December 1945 she arrived in Southampton for the first time since 1940.

''Stratheden'' continued in Government service until 27 July 1946, when the Ministry of Transport released her to her owners.

Post-war P&O service

In the Second World War P&O had lost eight large passenger ships including ''Strathallan'' and ''Viceroy of India''. ''Stratheden'' was the first of the four surviving "Strath" sisters to return to civilian service. The Ministry of Transport released ''Strathaird'' in September 1946 but kept ''Strathmore'' and ''Strathnaver'' in Government service until 1948.

P&O controlled Orient Line, which shared many of the same troop ship duties and suffered similarly heavy losses. The MoT released in April 1946, just before ''Stratheden''.

Orient and P&O had Vickers-Amrstrongs refit ''Orion'' and ''Stratheden'' at Barrow to return to liner service, but now with more tourist class berths and fewer first class. The number of first class single cabins and special suites was reduced, crew quarters were enlarged and there were now two-berth cabins for most crew. Post-war shortages of essential materials delayed her refit, and Vickers-Armstrongs it was not until 29 May 1947 that Vickers-Armstrongs returned her to P&O.

In June 1947 ''Stratheden'' began her first-post-war civilian voyage to Sydney. In order to mitigate its post-war shortage of ships P&O eliminated some intermediate ports of call from its timetables. This enabled ships sailing between Britain and Australia to make four return voyages a year instead of three.

In 1950 Cunard chartered ''Stratheden'' for four return voyages between Southampton and New York. Cunard had planned to charter P&O's new for the but purpose, but Vickers-Armstrongs was late completing ''Chusan'' so P&O provided ''Stratheden'' as a substitute.

''Iason'' incident

On 13 March 1955 in the Mediterranean ''Stratheden'' went to the aid of the Greek trawler ''Iason'', which was foundering in a gale with heavy sea and swell east of Cape Spartivento. At 1612 hrs ''Stratheden'' launched her number 16 boat from her port side. The boat motored close to ''Iason'' but was unable to get alongside. The trawler's crew jumped into the sea and the boat crew rescued them. Returning to ''Stratheden'' the boat was swamped by a large wave about 200 yards off the liner's port quarter and capsized.

In response ''Stratheden'' launched her number 6 boat from her port side, but its motor failed to start so the ship had to recover the boat and its crew. ''Stratheden'' then came round to windward of the men in the water to launch number 1 boat and number 5 boat from her starboard side. Number 5 boat rescued from the water four survivors from ''Iason'' and three survivors from the crew of number 16 boat. Number 1 boat did not succeed in rescuing any survivors.

11 crew from ''Iason'' and eight crew from ''Stratheden''s number 16 boat were not found. The liner stayed in the area until the next morning to resume the search at first light. At 0900 hrs on 14 March the search was called off and ''Stratheden'' resumed her voyage.

Final years

In April 1956 Clementine Churchill sailed home from Colombo on ''Stratheden''. In December that year ''Stratheden'' suffered engine trouble in Melbourne. She returned to Britain under her own power but without her passengers.

In 1961 ''Stratheden'' was re-fitted as a one-class ship with berths for 1,200 tourist class passengers. In December 1963 a holiday company chartered her for four cruises.

On 23 December 1963 ''Stratheden'' provided medical facilities for survivors from the Greek-operated cruise ship , which had been abandoned after catching fire north of Madeira. ''Lakonia'' was formerly the Dutch liner and troop ship ''Johan van Oldenbarnevelt'', which had sailed with ''Stratheden'' in convoys in 1941 and 1944.

Latsis Lines

On 18 February 1964 John S Latsis bought ''Stratheden'', renamed her ''Henrietta Latsi'' and employed her as a Latsis Lines cruise ship. In 1966 he renamed her ''Marianna Latsi''.

She was laid up at Eleusis in Greece from 20 April 1967. In 1969 she was sold for scrap to Terrestre Marittima SpA. ''Marianna Latsi'' reached La Spezia on 19 May 1969, where scrapping started that September.

Notable passengers

*Tom Derrick (1940)
* Tony Hyams (1938)
*David Johnston
* Ken McTaggart(1947)
* George Orwell (1938)

References

Bibliography

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External links

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* – some details and numerous photographs
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Stratheden
1937 ships
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
Cruise ships
Ocean liners of the United Kingdom
Ships of P&O (company)
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Troop ships of the United Kingdom