SS Rex

SS ''Rex'' was an Italian ocean liner launched in 1931. She held the westbound Blue Riband between 1933 and 1935, for a passenger liner in regular service crossing the Atlantic Ocean with the record highest average speed. Originally built for the Navigazione Generale Italiana (NGI) as SS ''Guglielmo Marconi'', its state-ordered merger with the Lloyd Sabaudo line meant that the ship sailed for the newly created ''Italia Flotta Riunite'' ( Italian Line).

''Rex'' operated transatlantic crossings from Italy with its running mate, prior to the outbreak of the Second World War. ''Rex'' maintained a commercial service in the Mediterranean Sea for eight years, but when Italy entered the war in June 1940 ''Rex'' was laid up for safe-keeping. On 8 September 1944, off Capodistria, ''Rex'' was hit by cannon fire and 123 rockets launched by Royal Air Force aircraft, caught fire from bow to stern. She rolled onto the port side, burned for four days, and sank in shallow water. The ship was partially broken up in situ in 1950.

History

Following North German Lloyd's successful capture of the Blue Riband with its and duo of ocean liners, ''Rex'' was intended to be Italy's effort to do the same. Amid intense competition from other shipping companies, the Italian Line carried out an extensive publicity campaign for its two largest passenger ships, ''Rex'' and . Originally, the ''Rexs owners intended to name her after Italian engineer Guglielmo Marconi, who pioneered the radio telegraph.

Both ships were dubbed "The Riviera afloat". To carry the theme even further, sand was scattered in the outdoor swimming pools, creating a beach-like effect highlighted by multicolored umbrellas. ''Rex'' was decorated in a classical style while the norm of the time was the Art Deco or the so-called "Liner Style" that had been premiered onboard the French Line's in 1927, ''Rex''s running mate ''Conte Di Savoia'' followed this rule, but also had rooms with classic style like her First Class Social Room also known as "Colonial Hall" . The ship's exterior design had followed the trend set by Germany's ''Bremen'' and ''Europa''. ''Rex'' sported a long hull with a moderately raked bow and two working funnels with the colours of the Italian flag (red, white and green stripes), but still featured the old-type overhanging counter stern (also known as a fantail) found on such liners as and .

''Rex'' was the first to be completed and was christened on 1 August 1931, in the presence of King Victor Emmanuel III and Queen Elena. She was both larger and faster than ''Conte di Savoia''. Her attempt of a record-breaking maiden voyage was unsuccessful. She sailed from Genoa in September 1932, after a send-off from Premier Benito Mussolini, with a passenger list of international celebrities. While approaching Gibraltar, serious mechanical difficulties arose. Repairs took three days. Half her passengers requested to leave, preferring to reach Germany's coasts and take ''Europa''; arriving in New York they found ''Rex'' already at dock. Lengthy repairs were required in New York before returning to Europe. She arrived in Genoa on 26 October 1932, making her first west-to-east crossing in six and a half days.

In August 1933, ''Rex'' fulfilled the promises of her designers and captured the Blue Riband on its westbound crossing from the with a time of four days and thirteen hours, with an average speed of . This record would last until 1935 when it was captured by the French Line's .

On 12 May 1938, in a demonstration of U.S. air power, three B-17 bombers of the U.S. Army Air Corps intercepted ''Rex'' at sea in a highly publicized event.

World War II

Following the outbreak of war, both ''Rex'' and ''Conte di Savoia'' continued regular Mediterranean cruises as if totally unaffected by events to the north. In the end, Italian liners proved to be among the final ships trading on a commercial basis. Their voyages ceased in the spring of 1940 and they were returned to Italian ports for safekeeping, with ''Rex'' laid up at Genoa, but after the city was bombed, the Italian Line decided to move it to Trieste. To prevent German forces from using the liner to blockade the harbour entrance, ''Rex'' was moved near Pula, where she lay for some time.

On 6 September 1944, ''Rex'' was spotted under tow south of Trieste, by a Royal Air Force (RAF) pilot, and showed a slight list.

On 8 September 1944, she was attacked in the Bay of Capodistria, south of Trieste by twelve Bristol Beaufighter aircraft of 272 Squadron RAF, escorted by nine North American P-51 Mustang aircraft assigned to the 52nd Fighter Group, USAAF. She was listing and on fire after being struck by 59 RP-3 rockets and numerous 20 mm cannon-shells. A second attack, later that day, by twelve more Beaufighters of 39 Squadron RAF and 16 Squadron, South African Air Force, resulted in her overturning and sinking in shallow water.

Post-war

In 1946, officials of the Italian steamship line proposed to salvage ''Rex'' and recommission it. However, the liner had been sunk in a portion of the harbor allocated to Yugoslavia, which blocked any recovery. The remains of ''Rex'' - about one-third of the ship, including double bottom, boilers, and engines - are located off the Slovenian coast in the Gulf of Capodistria. The rest was scavenged for scrap iron in the 1950s by the local government; it was said that the ship was the largest Slovenian "iron mine" at the time. Since 1954, after the formal annexation of Zone B of the Free Territory of Trieste to Yugoslavia, an anchor claimed to be from ''Rex'' has been on display in Congress Square of the Slovenian capital Ljubljana to symbolize the defeat of fascist expansionism. Though claimed to be from the liner, this anchor is not of the dreadnought style that ''Rex'' had.

The transatlantic crossing record of ''Rex'' heralded a peak in Italy's cultural emergence; a lasting source of inspiration and national pride. In 1963 Peroni Nastro Azzurro was named for the "Blue Ribbon" (''Nastro Azzurro'') which ''Rex'' won.

In popular culture

The ship was featured in the 1973 film '' Amarcord'', representing the "greatest thing the talianregime ever built."

References

External links

Classic Liners of Long AgoThe Myth and the Legend, a page dedicated to the ship Rex
(sl,it,de)

*, illustrated description of ''Rex'' and ''Conte di Savoia''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rex
Ocean liners
Steamships
Blue Riband holders
Passenger ships of Italy
Merchant ships sunk by aircraft
Ships sunk by British aircraft
World War II shipwrecks in the Adriatic Sea
1931 ships
Maritime incidents in September 1944
Ships built in Genoa
Ships built by Gio. Ansaldo & C.
World War II merchant ships of Italy