SS ''Quanza'' was a World War II-era Portuguese passenger-cargo ship, best known for carrying 317 people, many of them refugees, from

Nazi Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During H ...

-occupied Europe to North America in 1940. At least 100 of its passengers were Jewish.

Early history

Launched as ''Portugal'', the vessel went into service in 1929 as ''Quanza''. Her normal route was from

Lisbon, Portugal Lisbon ( ; ) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131, as of 2023, within its administrative limits and 3,028,000 within the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, metropolis, as of 2025. Lisbon is mainlan ...

, to

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and

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, though some voyages were made to South America.

AugustSeptember 1940 voyage

In August 1940, ''Quanza'' was chartered by a group of passengers seeking to flee Europe, including French actors

Marcel Dalio Marcel Dalio (born Marcel Benoit Blauschild; 23 November 1899 in Paris – 18 November 1983) was a French movie actor. He had major roles in two films directed by Jean Renoir, '' La Grande Illusion'' (1937) and '' The Rules of the Game'' (1939) ...

and

Madeleine Lebeau Marie Madeleine Berthe Lebeau (, 10 June 1923 – 1 May 2016) was a French film actress who also appeared in American films, most notably ''Casablanca''. Early life Lebeau married actor Marcel Dalio in 1939; it was his second marriage. They had ...

. The passengers traveled with a variety of visas, some of which were forged. Because the captain doubted the validity of the visas, he required that many passengers also buy return tickets on the likelihood that no country would admit them. The ship left Lisbon on 9 August, beginning its first trans-Atlantic voyage. After a difficult crossing that included a hurricane, the ship arrived in New York City on 19 August. 196 passengers disembarked, 66 of whom were American citizens. One of these was Dr. Stephan Kuttner (1907–1996), who later became one of the most important scholars of medieval canon law in the world. He was a Roman Catholic, but his ancestry was German Jewish. He was fortunate enough to have a passport from the Vatican for himself and his family. The remaining 121 passengers were denied entry, including nearly all of the Jewish passengers. ''Quanza'' proceeded to Veracruz, Mexico, where it arrived on 30 August. Only 35 passengers were allowed to disembark, leaving 86 on board, mostly Belgian Jews. The ship was then ordered to return to Europe, causing despair among the remaining passengers. The ship made a brief stop for coal in

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, in the US. During the stop, Jacob Morewitz, a Jewish maritime lawyer from Newport News, filed a lawsuit in federal court on behalf of four of the refugees, suing the Portuguese National Line for $100,000 for breach of contract. The suit held ''Quanza'' in port for six days, during which time Jewish leaders, including Rabbi Stephen Wise of the World Jewish Congress and Cecilia Razovsky of the National Council of Jewish Women, lobbied for the remaining passengers' admittance. Meanwhile, ''Quanza''s passengers became so desperate that one leapt from the ship to swim for land; though he reached shore successfully, he was quickly apprehended and returned to the ship. Following the incident, the ship's captain posted armed guards on the decks. When First Lady

Eleanor Roosevelt Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( ; October 11, 1884November 7, 1962) was an American political figure, diplomat, and activist. She was the longest-serving First Lady of the United States, first lady of the United States, during her husband Franklin D ...

was informed by Jewish-American associations of the situation, she appealed to her husband, President

Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), also known as FDR, was the 32nd president of the United States, serving from 1933 until his death in 1945. He is the longest-serving U.S. president, and the only one to have served ...

, who dispatched

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official Patrick Murphy Malin to investigate the passengers' status. Malin designated all 86 as political refugees and issued them visas, though six chose voluntarily to return to Europe. The eighty who remained in the US entered the country on 14 September. Some of the refugees later sent President Roosevelt roses with a note reading, "with everlasting gratitude for your humane gesture, from the refugees of the SS ''Quanza''." Assistant Secretary of State Breckinridge Long, who was nominally in charge of refugee issues, was enraged by the granting of visas to the ''Quanza'' refugees and insisted that it must not occur again. Long renewed his efforts to block immigration, and by mid-1941, almost no war refugees were allowed into the US.

Fictional representations

In 1991, Susan Lieberman and Jacob Morewitz's grandson Stephen Morewitz wrote a play about the events titled ''Steamship Quanza''. Victoria Redel, whose father and grandmother had been on the voyage, published a novel about the ship's crossing in 2007 titled ''The Border of Truth''.

Non-fictional representations

"Nobody Wants Us" Emmy nominated PBS documentary that chronicles the experiences of three teenagers that were imprisoned on SS Quanza in the port of Hampton Roads, Virginia. Along with 83 other refugees, they were hoping to be allowed on American soil — where millions of others in distress had safely landed before them. The film also highlights individuals who helped the refugees escape the Holocaust.

References

External links