SS Mohamed Ali El-Kebir

SS ''Mohamed Ali El-Kebir'', formerly SS ''Teno'', was one of a pair of steam turbine ocean liners built in Scotland in 1922 for the Chilean company CSAV. She and her sister ship ''Aconcagua'' ran between Valparaíso and New York ''via'' the Panama Canal until 1932, when CSAV was hit by the Great Depression and surrendered the two ships to the Scottish shipbuilder Lithgows to clear a debt.

In 1935 the Egyptian company KML bought and renamed both ships and put them on routes across the Mediterranean. ''Teno'' was renamed ''Mohamed Ali El-Kebir'' after a former Egyptian monarch. In 1940 the British Government requisitioned both liners and had them converted into troop ships. Within months of being converted, ''Mohamed Ali El-Kebir'' was sunk in the Western Approaches by a German submarine with the loss of 96 people. However, her escort drove away the submarine and rescued 766 survivors.

''Teno''

In April 1920 the Chilean Compañía Sud Americana de Vapores (CSAV) ordered a pair of passenger and cargo liners for service between Valparaíso and New York ''via'' the Panama Canal. Construction was delayed, the ships were not completed until the latter part of 1922, and CSAV lost money as a result.

The first ship, ''Aconcagua'', was launched on 11 February 1922 and completed in August. Her sister ship was launched on 5 September 1922, completed in December and reached Chile in January 1923. She was to be named after the Chilean city of Boroa, but she was launched as ''Teno'' after the Chilean city of that name about south of Valparaíso.

The two ships were built by Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company of Greenock on the Firth of Clyde, Scotland. Each had 18 corrugated furnaces with a combined grate area of that heated six single-ended boilers with a combined heating surface of . These fed steam at 215 lb_f/in² to four steam turbines that drove twin propeller shafts by single-reduction gearing. The turbines had a combined rating of 1,469 NHP and gave the ship a speed of .

By the time ''Aconcagua'' and ''Teno'' entered service they faced strong competition from Grace Line, and CSAV reported losses in 1922 and 1923. However, from 1922 the Chilean government introduced protection measures for Chilean companies operating shipping services along the country's -long coast, and in 1923 global shipping rates stabilised.

The Wall Street crash of October 1929 started the Great Depression, which sharply reduced the export market for Chilean mining products and hence the country's ability to buy goods from overseas. CSAV lost trade, and especially on its Valparaíso – New York route, so in June 1931 the company suspended the service. It sold ''Aconcagua'' and ''Teno'' to Lithgows of Port Glasgow, and in August 1932 both ships returned to Scotland.

''Aconcagua'' was sold to William Hamilton and Company, run by Lord Ernest Hamilton, but ''Teno'' was laid up at the Kyles of Bute, first at Kames, Argyll and then off Tighnabruaich. Lowden Conner and Company of Liverpool were appointed to manage both ships.

''Mohamed Ali El-Kebir''

In 1935 the Khedivial Mail Steamship and Graving Dock Company of Alexandria, Egypt bought both ''Aconcagua'' and ''Teno''. The company, which traded as the Khedivial Mail Line (KML), renamed each ship after a former Khedive of Egypt. ''Teno'' became ''Mohamed Ali El-Kebir'', after Muhammad Ali Pasha who reigned 1805–48. KML and operated services linking Alexandria across the Mediterranean Sea with Cyprus, Piraeus, Malta and Marseille. In 1936 the company was reconstituted as the Pharaonic Mail Line, but continued trading as the KML.

In 1938 King Farouk of Egypt married his first wife, Queen Farida. They took part of their honeymoon aboard ''Mohamed Ali El-Kebir''.

After the Second World War broke out in 1939, ''Mohamed Ali El-Kebir'' sailed to Britain. En route she called at Gibraltar where she joined Convoy HG 4, which left on 22 October and reached Liverpool on the 29th. She then returned to the Mediterranean and ran a regular service between Alexandria and Marseille until March 1940. Although Egypt was supposedly independent, in practice the British Empire controlled the country. In 1940 the UK Ministry of War Transport requisitioned seven KML ships and placed two of them, and ''Mohamed Ali El-Kebir'', under the management of the British-India Steam Navigation Company. Initially the Admiralty used ''Mohamed Ali El-Kebir'' as a Royal Navy stores ship, but then she was converted into a troop ship, which increased her gross register tonnage and net register tonnage by more than 200 tons.

Loss

In 1940 ''Mohamed Ali El-Kebir'' again left the Mediterranean for Britain. ''En route'' she joined Convoy HG 36 at Gibraltar, which left on 28 June and reached Liverpool on 8 July. At the beginning of August 1940 she was in Avonmouth, where she loaded mail and government stores and embarked 697 troops bound for the Mediterranean. There were six officers and 243 men of the 706th Construction Company, Royal Engineers, six officers and 289 men of the 15th Company, Royal Pioneer Corps, two officers and 44 ratings of the Royal Navy, 20 Royal Marines, and 97 officers and men of the Royal Artillery and the Intelligence Corps.

The ship left Avonmouth on 5 August, escorted by the ''G''-class destroyer . At 2140 hrs on 7 August the convoy was in the Western Approaches about west of Bloody Foreland in Ireland, making a zigzag course at when fired two stern-launched torpedoes at her. One hit ''Mohamed Ali El-Kebir''s starboard quarter, and she started to settle by the stern. ''Griffin'' attacked and chased away the submarine and then went to rescue survivors. ''Mohamed Ali El-Kebir'' had launched 11 lifeboats and more than 20 liferafts, and ''Griffin'' then launched her two whalers. The sea was rough, some of the lifeboats were swamped and some men were swept off the liferafts.

''Mohamed Ali El-Kebir''s civilian ship's doctor, Stuart Liston, and a military medical officer remained aboard to treat many wounded men and prepare them for evacuation. Her Master, John Thompson, remained aboard until after the last lifeboat was launched. He was last seen in a liferaft but did not survive. Dr Liston did not survive either. ''Griffin'' continued to release depth charges to keep ''U-38'' away. ''Mohamed Ali El-Kebir'' sank at 2340 hrs; two hours after she was hit.

''Griffin'' rescued 766 survivors, including 62 wounded. They were 549 troops, 154 Merchant Navy crew, 62 Royal Navy personnel and one DEMS gunner. Some men were in the water for up to seven hours before they were found, and a number died of hypothermia after being rescued. She continued to search the area for survivors until the next morning. She then took the survivors to Greenock, where she arrived on 9 August.

96 men were lost: 82 troops, four Royal Navy personnel, Captain Thompson and nine Merchant Navy crew. Over the next fortnight, 33 bodies were washed ashore on the coast of County Donegal.

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohamed Ali El-Kebir
1922 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
Maritime incidents in August 1940
Passenger ships of Chile
Passenger ships of Egypt
Passenger ships of the United Kingdom
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
Steamships of Chile
Steamships of Egypt
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Troop ships of the United Kingdom
World War II auxiliary ships of the United Kingdom
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean