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SS ''California'' was the World's first major ocean liner built with turbo-electric propulsion. When launched in 1927 she was also the largest merchant ship yet built in the US, although she was a modest size compared with the biggest European liners of her era.
In 1938 ''California'' was renamed SS ''Uruguay''. From 1942 to 1946 she was operated through agents by the War Shipping Administration as the troopship ''Uruguay''. She was returned to civilian service as SS ''Uruguay'' in 1948, laid up in 1954 and scrapped in 1964.
''California'' was the first of three sister ships built by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company of Newport News, Virginia for the Panama Pacific Lines, a subsidiary of American Line Steamship Corporation which was a part of J. P. Morgan's International Mercantile Marine Co., International Mercantile Marine Company. ''California'' was the largest American built passenger liner at the time. The ship's keel was laid 20 March 1926 as hull number 325, launched on 1 October 1927 and delivered to American Line on 13 January 1928. Mrs. Roland Palmedo, wife of the businessman Roland Palmedo and daughter of the president of International Mercantile Marine, sponsored the launch. The ship left New York for the Pacific Coast on 28 January 1928 to begin the regular route between the coasts by way of the Panama Canal. ''California''s sister SS Brazil (1928), SS ''Virginia'' was launched in 1928 and the third of the trio, ''SS Argentina (1929), Pennsylvania'', was launched in 1929. All three sisters entered the fleet Panama Pacific Lines.
''California'' was a steamship, with oil-fired furnaces heating her boilers to power two steam turbo generators that ran at a constant 2,800 Revolutions per minute, RPM. These supplied current to her -high electric propulsion motors, which had a combined rating of 2,833 Horsepower#Nominal horsepower, NHP or 17,000 Horsepower#Shaft horsepower, shp. The turbo-generators and propulsion motors were built by General Electric, which was the world pioneer of turbo-electric propulsion, having supplied the turbo-generators and electric motors for , the World's first turbo-electric ship, a decade earlier.
''California'' was equipped with submarine signalling apparatus and wireless direction finding equipment, and from about 1934 she was equipped with a gyrocompass.
''California''s first class accommodation was air conditioned and some first class cabins had ''en suite'' bathrooms.
With Panama Pacific Lines, ''California''s two funnels would have been red with a blue top, with a white band dividing the blue from the red.
On 8 February 1943 ''Uruguay'' sailed from New York with 5,000 troops bound for the UK. On 12 February 1943 in the North Atlantic the oil tanker suffered a steering fault and accidentally rammed ''Uruguay'' amidships. The tanker's Bow (ship), bow made a hole in ''Uruguay''s Hull (watercraft), hull and penetrated her hospital, killing 13 soldiers and injuring 50. One injured soldier, Sergeant Cecil Davis, landed on the tanker's deck, where he was not discovered until ''Salamonie'' had changed course to Bermuda for repairs. ''Uruguay''s crew contained the damage by building a temporary Bulkhead (partition), bulkhead and three days later she reached harbor, also in Bermuda. President Franklin D. Roosevelt decorated ''Uruguay''s Sea captain, Master, Captain Albert Spaulding, with the Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal for saving many lives, his ship and her cargo.
''Uruguay'' was out of service for three months for repairs. On 15 May 1943 she left New York, heading ''via'' the Panama Canal to Port of Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia. On 3 August she sailed from Los Angeles for Fremantle Harbour, Fremantle, Australia and Mumbai Harbour, Bombay, India. She crossed the Equator on 9 August, the International Date Line on 17 August and reached Bombay on 10 September. On 18 November ''Uruguay'' left Port of Los Angeles, Los Angeles. She called at Hobart, Tasmania on 6 December and reached Bombay on 26 December.
''Uruguay'' spent most of 1944 and the first half of 1945 crossing and re-crossing the North Atlantic. On 5 February she left New York for Port of Liverpool, Liverpool, England. On 7 April she left Port of Boston, Boston for Liverpool and the Firth of Clyde. On 12 May she left New York for the Clyde and Liverpool. On 3 July she left Boston for Liverpool. On 11 August she left New York for the Clyde. On 20 September she left New York for the River Mersey. On 30 October she left New York for an unrecorded destination in the United Kingdom.
In November and December 1944 ''Uruguay'' took all the cadets of the West Point Military Academy from New York to Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore, Baltimore and back for the annual Army–Navy Game, Army–Navy football game on 2 December. Three destroyers escorted ''Uruguay'' and the convoy kept close to shore because of the threat of German U-boats. The inshore voyage was rough and all the cadets were seasick, but their team beat the Navy 23–7.
On 9 December ''Uruguay'' left New York for Port of Southampton, Southampton, England. On 10 January 1945 she left Boston for the Solent, England and Port of Le Havre, Le Havre, France. On 27 February she left New York for Le Havre and Southampton. On 8 April she left New York for Southampton.
On 19 May 1945 ''Uruguay'' left New York for Livorno, Italy. From Livorno she sailed ''via'' Gibraltar and the Panama Canal to Port of Manila, Manila, Leyte, Honolulu and then San Francisco. On 22 September she left San Francisco and returned to Manila. On 22 November she left Port of Los Angeles, San Pedro for Port of Yokohama, Yokohama.
On 17 January 1946 ''Uruguay'' left San Francisco for Manila and Yokohama. On 15 February 1946 she left Yokohama carrying European diplomats and dignitaries whom Japan had detained during the Second World War, and wounded US soldiers. She sailed ''via'' the Panama Canal and took her European evacuees to Southampton.
On 20 April 1946 ''Uruguay'' left New York for Le Havre. On 15 May 1946 she left New York for Southampton and Le Havre.
In US Army service ''Uruguay'' carried a total of more than 200,000 US troops.
"Largest American-Built Passenger Liner"
Detailed description of ship, ''Pacific Marine Review'', February 1928
"Electrical Equipment of the ''California''
Detailed description of propulsion and auxiliary electrical systems, ''Pacific Marine Review'', February 1928
"Auxiliaries-Ship Supplies-Marine Equipment"
Description of refrigeration, navigation and other equipment of new ship, ''Pacific Marine Review'', February 1928
Before and after conversion photos, ''California''/''Uruguay''
* {{DEFAULTSORT:California (1928) 1927 ships Maritime incidents in February 1943 Ocean liners Ships built in Newport News, Virginia Troop ships of the War Shipping Administration Turbo-electric steamships Passenger ships of the United States
Building
''California'' was the first of three sister ships built by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company of Newport News, Virginia for the Panama Pacific Lines, a subsidiary of American Line Steamship Corporation which was a part of J. P. Morgan's International Mercantile Marine Co., International Mercantile Marine Company. ''California'' was the largest American built passenger liner at the time. The ship's keel was laid 20 March 1926 as hull number 325, launched on 1 October 1927 and delivered to American Line on 13 January 1928. Mrs. Roland Palmedo, wife of the businessman Roland Palmedo and daughter of the president of International Mercantile Marine, sponsored the launch. The ship left New York for the Pacific Coast on 28 January 1928 to begin the regular route between the coasts by way of the Panama Canal. ''California''s sister SS Brazil (1928), SS ''Virginia'' was launched in 1928 and the third of the trio, ''SS Argentina (1929), Pennsylvania'', was launched in 1929. All three sisters entered the fleet Panama Pacific Lines.
''California'' was a steamship, with oil-fired furnaces heating her boilers to power two steam turbo generators that ran at a constant 2,800 Revolutions per minute, RPM. These supplied current to her -high electric propulsion motors, which had a combined rating of 2,833 Horsepower#Nominal horsepower, NHP or 17,000 Horsepower#Shaft horsepower, shp. The turbo-generators and propulsion motors were built by General Electric, which was the world pioneer of turbo-electric propulsion, having supplied the turbo-generators and electric motors for , the World's first turbo-electric ship, a decade earlier.
''California'' was equipped with submarine signalling apparatus and wireless direction finding equipment, and from about 1934 she was equipped with a gyrocompass.
''California''s first class accommodation was air conditioned and some first class cabins had ''en suite'' bathrooms.
With Panama Pacific Lines, ''California''s two funnels would have been red with a blue top, with a white band dividing the blue from the red.
SS ''California''
Panama Pacific Line, part of the American Line Steamship Corp, operated ''California'' and her sisters between Port of New York and New Jersey, New York and Port of San Francisco, San Francisco ''via'' the Panama Canal until 1938. ''California'', ''Virginia'' and ''Pennsylvania'' were subsidised to carry mail on this route for the United States Postal Service. In March 1936 SS California strike, an unofficial strike aboard ''California'' in port at Port of Los Angeles, San Pedro, Los Angeles, held without the sanction of the International Seamen's Union, led to the foundation of the National Maritime Union. The dispute was about wage rates and overtime payments. The strike lasted only three days but Panama Pacific never fully recovered from it. In June 1937 the United States Congress withdrew all maritime mail subsidies, which by then included a total of $450,000 per year for Panama Pacific's three liners. At the beginning of March 1938 the Panama Canal#Tolls, Panama Canal tolls were revised, increasing Panama Pacific's costs by $37,000 per year. As a result of these cost increases and continuing labor difficulties Panama Pacific discontinued its New York – California service and took all three liners out of service. ''California'' was the last to leave service, joining ''Pennsylvania'' and ''Virginia'' in New York at the beginning of May 1938.SS ''Uruguay''
On 10 June 1938 the United States Maritime Commission (MC) purchased the ship, made repairs and placed it under an operating agreement with Moore McCormack Line 13 January 1939. The MC operating agreement continued until 30 January 1942 when the operation of commercial type ships was turned over to the War Shipping Administration which then continued the operating agreement with Moore McCormack until 9 July 1946. In 1938 Newport News Shipbuilding drydocked and extensively refurbished ''California'' as hull 377. New propellers were fitted. All three sisters were fireproofed to comply with Federal safety regulations, which had been revised as a result of the fire in 1934 that destroyed the liner . ''California''s State room#Naval usage, state rooms were improved, her air conditioning was extended to her tourist class accommodation, a new swimming pool was installed, and her after deck was rebuilt with the addition of a veranda café. ''California'' had been built with two funnels but during the refit this was reduced to one. The refit increased ''California''s tonnage by about 2,000 tons. On 4 October 1938 Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc., contracted to operate ''California'', ''Virginia'', ''Pennsylvania'' and 10 cargo ships between the US and South America as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy. Moore-McCormack renamed the three passenger liners ''Argentina'', ''Brazil'' and ''Uruguay'', and assigned them to the fleet of its American Republics Lines subsidiary. On 17 January ''Uruguay'' became the first of the three sisters to depart from New York on Moore-McCormack's service to and from Buenos Aires ''via'' the Caribbean, Brazil and Montevideo. With Moore-McCormack Lines ''California''s funnel would have been buff with a black top. A broad green band divided the buff from the black. On each side of the funnel the green band bore a red capital M within a white disk.Troop ship
When the USA entered the Second World War, ''Uruguay'' the War Shipping Administration (WSA) took over all ocean transport operations and had the ship converted into a troop ship. The work was carried out from 2 January 1942 to 1 March 1942, and included the installation of a hospital. The ship, a large and fast vessel capable of independent voyages without escort, was operated by WSA agents and allocated in support of Army troop transport requirements with a passenger capacity of 4,473.The previous reference, ''Troopships of World War II'', has a detailed list of voyages with dates, departure and destination points. On 3 March 1942 ''Uruguay'' sailed from Brooklyn Navy Yard, Brooklyn, New York carrying US troops. She sailed ''via'' the Panama Canal and Bora Bora, reaching Port of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand on 9 April. She then sailed Port of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia and back to New Zealand. She left Wellington Harbour on 28 April carrying Royal New Zealand Air Force cadets, and arrived in Port of San Francisco, San Francisco, California on 14 May. On 26 May ''Uruguay'' sailed from San Francisco carrying US troops, reaching Auckland on 12 June. On 6 August 1942 ''Uruguay'' left Brooklyn carrying the United States Army Air Forces, USAAF 301st Operations Group#World War II, 301st Bombardment Group. She sailed ''via'' Halifax Port Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia and Gourock, Scotland to Swansea docks, Swansea, Wales, arriving on 25 August. In October and November 1942 ''Uruguay'' carried troops ''via'' Gibraltar to Oran, French Algeria in Operation Torch, the invasion of Vichy France, Vichy French North Africa. On 12 December 1942 she sailed from New York again with troops to Casablanca, French protectorate in Morocco, French Morocco.
On 8 February 1943 ''Uruguay'' sailed from New York with 5,000 troops bound for the UK. On 12 February 1943 in the North Atlantic the oil tanker suffered a steering fault and accidentally rammed ''Uruguay'' amidships. The tanker's Bow (ship), bow made a hole in ''Uruguay''s Hull (watercraft), hull and penetrated her hospital, killing 13 soldiers and injuring 50. One injured soldier, Sergeant Cecil Davis, landed on the tanker's deck, where he was not discovered until ''Salamonie'' had changed course to Bermuda for repairs. ''Uruguay''s crew contained the damage by building a temporary Bulkhead (partition), bulkhead and three days later she reached harbor, also in Bermuda. President Franklin D. Roosevelt decorated ''Uruguay''s Sea captain, Master, Captain Albert Spaulding, with the Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal for saving many lives, his ship and her cargo.
''Uruguay'' was out of service for three months for repairs. On 15 May 1943 she left New York, heading ''via'' the Panama Canal to Port of Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia. On 3 August she sailed from Los Angeles for Fremantle Harbour, Fremantle, Australia and Mumbai Harbour, Bombay, India. She crossed the Equator on 9 August, the International Date Line on 17 August and reached Bombay on 10 September. On 18 November ''Uruguay'' left Port of Los Angeles, Los Angeles. She called at Hobart, Tasmania on 6 December and reached Bombay on 26 December.
''Uruguay'' spent most of 1944 and the first half of 1945 crossing and re-crossing the North Atlantic. On 5 February she left New York for Port of Liverpool, Liverpool, England. On 7 April she left Port of Boston, Boston for Liverpool and the Firth of Clyde. On 12 May she left New York for the Clyde and Liverpool. On 3 July she left Boston for Liverpool. On 11 August she left New York for the Clyde. On 20 September she left New York for the River Mersey. On 30 October she left New York for an unrecorded destination in the United Kingdom.
In November and December 1944 ''Uruguay'' took all the cadets of the West Point Military Academy from New York to Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore, Baltimore and back for the annual Army–Navy Game, Army–Navy football game on 2 December. Three destroyers escorted ''Uruguay'' and the convoy kept close to shore because of the threat of German U-boats. The inshore voyage was rough and all the cadets were seasick, but their team beat the Navy 23–7.
On 9 December ''Uruguay'' left New York for Port of Southampton, Southampton, England. On 10 January 1945 she left Boston for the Solent, England and Port of Le Havre, Le Havre, France. On 27 February she left New York for Le Havre and Southampton. On 8 April she left New York for Southampton.
On 19 May 1945 ''Uruguay'' left New York for Livorno, Italy. From Livorno she sailed ''via'' Gibraltar and the Panama Canal to Port of Manila, Manila, Leyte, Honolulu and then San Francisco. On 22 September she left San Francisco and returned to Manila. On 22 November she left Port of Los Angeles, San Pedro for Port of Yokohama, Yokohama.
On 17 January 1946 ''Uruguay'' left San Francisco for Manila and Yokohama. On 15 February 1946 she left Yokohama carrying European diplomats and dignitaries whom Japan had detained during the Second World War, and wounded US soldiers. She sailed ''via'' the Panama Canal and took her European evacuees to Southampton.
On 20 April 1946 ''Uruguay'' left New York for Le Havre. On 15 May 1946 she left New York for Southampton and Le Havre.
In US Army service ''Uruguay'' carried a total of more than 200,000 US troops.
Post-war
On 25 June 1946 ''Uruguay'' reverted to the Maritime Commission and Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company of Kearny, New Jersey was awarded a $4,437,000 contract to convert her back into an ocean liner. On 23 June 1947 she entered Vigor Shipyards, Todd Shipyards' No. 1 Drydock#Graving, Graving Dock. Her hull was Abrasive blasting, sand-blasted to bare metal, 87 of her steel plates and 85,000 rivets were replaced before she was repainted. Work was delayed by a shipyard workers' Strike action, strike but were completed on 6 September. ''Uruguay'' was extensively modernised and her interior was completely restyled in a restrained style designed by William F Schorn, who at the same time designed the new interior of her sister ship . On 23 January 1948 ''Uruguay'' left Todd Shipyards for an 18-hour sea trial, and the next day the Maritime Commission restored her to Moore-McCormack Lines. Captain Spaulding resumed command and on 30 January ''Uruguay'' started a nine-day Caribbean cruise to Nassau, Bahamas, Nassau and Havana. On 10 February 1948 ''Uruguay'' was given the United States Navy Reserve, US Navy Reserve Pennant (commissioning)#United States Navy, pennant and her library was dedicated in memory of Thomas K Locke, a Moore-McCormack employee who died on active service as an infantry captain in the Second World War. On 12 February ''Uruguay'' sailed from New York on the Buenos Aires run for the first time since 1941. On 17 June 1951 Albert Spaulding retired, having spent the last decade of his career in command of ''Uruguay''. Captain Howard F Lane succeeded him. On her first voyage under Lane's command, ''Uruguay'' achieved her fastest time from Rio de Janeiro to Trinidad, covering the distance in six days, 14 hours and 42 minutes and averaging . On 8 August 1952 about out of New York ''Uruguay'' struck a submerged object that damaged and disabled one of her propellers. This caused excessive vibration, so she diverted to Newport News for the propeller to be repaired. Moore-McCormack deemed ''Uruguay'' to be the least efficient of the three sister ships, so in 1954 the company withdrew her from service. She completed her last South American voyage when she docked in the North River (Hudson River), North River in New York on 29 March 1954. Tugboat crews were on strike at the time so ''Uruguay'' docked unaided. She was transferred to the US Federal Government and was laid up as part of the James River, Reserve Fleet at Fort Eustis, Virginia. Late in 1963 the United States Department of Commerce offered ''Uruguay'' for sale. In 1964 she was sold to the North American Smelting Co of Wilmington, Delaware for scrap.Notable passengers
In October 1935 the California politician William A. Sutherland (California politician), William A. Sutherland died of a heart attack aboard ''California''. In 1939 Carmen Miranda left Brazil aboard ''Uruguay'' to start her career in the USA. She arrived in New York on 18 May. In 1940 Leopold Stokowski and his Leopold Stokowski#All-American Youth Orchestra, All-American Youth Orchestra toured South America, and recorded native Brazilian music aboard ''Uruguay''. In February 1943 the American Football coach Bear Bryant was ''en route'' to North Africa aboard ''Uruguay'' on the voyage when USS ''Salamonie'' accidentally rammed her. In November and December 1944 Bernie Abrams, Doc Blanchard, Glenn Davis (halfback), Glenn Davis, Alexander Haig and Brent Scowcroft were among the West Point Cadets who sailed from New York to Baltimore and back aboard ''Uruguay''. In 1948 the golfer Henry Cotton (golfer), Henry Cotton sailed on ''Uruguay'' to South America. In 1950 the novelist Taylor Caldwell sailed on ''Uruguay''.Footnotes
References
Sources
* * * * *External links
"Largest American-Built Passenger Liner"
Detailed description of ship, ''Pacific Marine Review'', February 1928
"Electrical Equipment of the ''California''
Detailed description of propulsion and auxiliary electrical systems, ''Pacific Marine Review'', February 1928
"Auxiliaries-Ship Supplies-Marine Equipment"
Description of refrigeration, navigation and other equipment of new ship, ''Pacific Marine Review'', February 1928
Before and after conversion photos, ''California''/''Uruguay''
* {{DEFAULTSORT:California (1928) 1927 ships Maritime incidents in February 1943 Ocean liners Ships built in Newport News, Virginia Troop ships of the War Shipping Administration Turbo-electric steamships Passenger ships of the United States