SS 1000 Class

The SS 1000 class, later reclassified as the C53 class, are a class of 20 four-cylinder passenger steam locomotives built by Werkspoor in the Netherlands for ''Staatsspoorwegen'', the state-owned railway of Dutch East Indies. It measured 20,792 mm in length, has a power rating of 1,200 hp, weighs 109.19 tons, and has a top speed of 90 km/h. They were initially numbered SS 1001-1020. The class were kept in service despite the ''Staatsspoorwegen'' considering the class problematic in operation, being used to haul express trains until the early 1950s.

Design and operational history

During the Dutch colonial administration, nighttime passenger train services were considered unsafe because of the concern by the Dutch about natural threats in the tropical environment; consequently, trains had to stop midway for the night before resuming their journey after dawn. The distance between Jakarta and Surabaya was around 820 km and powerful locomotives were needed to complete the rail journey before sunset.

Therefore, the SS 1000 class were built by Werkspoor in the Netherlands between 1918 and 1922 in a batch of 20 locomotives. They were used on express trains such as the ''Eendaagsche Express'' and the '' Nacht Express'', which first ran on 1 November 1929 and 1 November 1936 respectively. The travel time of the Eendaagsche Express, when introduced, was 13 hours and 30 minutes, which was later shortened to 11 hours and 27 minutes in 1939.

Werkspoor designed the locomotives as four-cylinder compound locomotives as a way to bolster the ''Staatsspoorwegens fleet. During testing, problems were discovered that affected the performance of the class, as Werkspoor was inexperienced at building four-cylinder compound locomotives. Around ten years after being introduced, smoke deflectors were fitted to the 1000 class to drift smoke away so as not to obscure the driver's vision.

The four-cylinder compound arrangement was expected to provide the locomotive stability when running at high speeds, but its performance was less than satisfactory, being prone to buffeting and rough riding at speeds above 90 km/h. In 1931, the 1000s shook violently while running at 100 km/h. Despite the high maintenance and operating costs, the ''Staatsspoorwegen'' retained these locomotives for its express trains, cutting journey times between Jakarta and Surabaya from 29 hours to 12 hours and 20 minutes. The average speed between the two cities was now 75.8 km/h, with trains even topping up 120 km/h in operation. During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, the 1000 class were redesignated as the C53 class.

By the 1970s, the C53s, most of which were allocated to Sidotopo depot, were relegated to local passenger and freight services, having been replaced by diesel locomotives. Only one locomotive, C53 17, has been preserved and is on display at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah's Transportation Museum.

Gallery

File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_exprestrein_met_een_2-C-1_viercylinder-compound_locomotief_met_oververhitter_en_voedingsvoorwarmer_en_een_tender_erachter_TMnr_10007618.jpg, link=File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_exprestrein_met_een_2-C-1_viercylinder-compound_locomotief_met_oververhitter_en_voedingsvoorwarmer_en_een_tender_erachter_TMnr_10007618.jpg, alt=, Werkspoor works photo of an SS 1000 class
File:De eerste ééndaagse trein van de Staatsspoorwegen van Batavia naar Soerabaja, KITLV 182667.tiff, An SS 1000 class hauling the first ''Eendaagsche Express'' in November 1929
File:De trein van de Commissie van Goede Diensten, Bestanddeelnr 344012 010.jpg, C53 05 pulling a train which carries the members of the United Nations Trilateral Commission, December 1948

References

Steam locomotives of Indonesia
4-6-2 locomotives
2′C1′ h4v locomotives
Werkspoor locomotives
Passenger locomotives
3 ft 6 in gauge locomotives of Indonesia
Railway locomotives introduced in 1917

External links

{{Commons category-inline, Indonesian SS1000 (C53) class

''Four-Cylinder Compound Locomotive of the Java State Railways''
''The Locomotive''. Vol. 26. London: Locomotive Publishing Company. 14 August 1920. pgs. 176-181 and 200-203. Article about and diagrams the 1000/C53 class locomotives, available on Google Books

Kontroversi C53 Lokomotif Ekspres Kebanggaan SS (Controversy of C53 Express Locomotive, the Pride of the SS, in Indonesian)
by Kereta Nostalgia on YouTube