The RT-23 Molodets (, lit. "brave man" or "fine fellow";
NATO reporting name
NATO uses a system of code names, called reporting names, to denote military aircraft and other equipment used by post-Soviet states, former Warsaw Pact countries, China, and other countries. The system assists military communications by providi ...
: SS-24 Scalpel) was a
cold-launched,
three-stage,
solid-fueled intercontinental ballistic missile
An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a ballistic missile with a range (aeronautics), range greater than , primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more Thermonuclear weapon, thermonuclear warheads). Conven ...
developed and produced before 1991 by the
Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in
Dnipro
Dnipro is Ukraine's fourth-largest city, with about one million inhabitants. It is located in the eastern part of Ukraine, southeast of the Ukrainian capital Kyiv on the Dnieper River, Dnipro River, from which it takes its name. Dnipro is t ...
,
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...
(ex-
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
.)
It came in
silo
A silo () is a structure for storing Bulk material handling, bulk materials.
Silos are commonly used for bulk storage of grain, coal, cement, carbon black, woodchips, food products and sawdust. Three types of silos are in widespread use toda ...
- and
rail-based variants, and was armed with 10
MIRV warheads (
GRAU
The Main Missile and Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (), commonly referred to by its transliterated acronym GRAU (), is a department of the Russian Ministry of Defense. It is subordinate to the Chief of ...
index: ''15Ф444'')
of 550
kt yield.
All missiles were decommissioned by 2005 in accordance with the
START II.
History
The missile and rail-based missile complex – or
''BZhRK'' (, lit. "''Combat Rail-based Missile Complex''") – were developed by the brothers
Vladimir and
Alexei Utkin as chief engineers in
Yuzhnoye Design Bureau and
Design Bureau for Special Machine-Building respectively.
It was the culmination of a major Soviet effort to develop a
solid-propellant ICBM with multiple basing modes which was initiated in 1969.
As addition to the silo- and rail-based versions, a
road-mobile version was considered but eventually rejected.
The new missile was to replace the older
liquid-fueled UR-100N which were entirely silo-based.
Its
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
counterpart was the
Peacekeeper Rail Garrison, which was never deployed.
The missile was tested through the 1980s and was deployed in 1987.
A typical ''BZhRK'' consisted of three modified
M62-class locomotive
A locomotive is a rail transport, rail vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. Traditionally, locomotives pulled trains from the front. However, Push–pull train, push–pull operation has become common, and in the pursuit for ...
s (designated ''DM62''; were not different in appearance) and seventeen railcars: a camouflaged
tank
A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle intended as a primary offensive weapon in front-line ground combat. Tank designs are a balance of heavy firepower, strong armour, and battlefield mobility provided by tracks and a powerful engine; ...
with
diesel fuel
Diesel fuel, also called diesel oil, heavy oil (historically) or simply diesel, is any liquid fuel specifically designed for use in a diesel engine, a type of internal combustion engine in which fuel ignition takes place without a spark as a re ...
and
lubricants
A lubricant (sometimes shortened to lube) is a substance that helps to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move. It may also have the function of transmitting forces ...
reserve, three 3-car autonomous launching modules (a launch support systems car, a car with an erectable RT-23 launcher and a launcher
command post car), a
regiment
A regiment is a military unit. Its role and size varies markedly, depending on the country, military service, service, or administrative corps, specialisation.
In Middle Ages, Medieval Europe, the term "regiment" denoted any large body of l ...
command post car, a
communications system
A communications system is a collection of individual telecommunications networks systems, relay stations, tributary stations, and terminal equipment usually capable of interconnection and interoperation to form an integrated whole. Commu ...
s car, a main
diesel generator car, a provision storage car with
refrigerator
A refrigerator, commonly shortened to fridge, is a commercial and home appliance consisting of a thermal insulation, thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers heat from its inside to ...
s and water tanks, a
dining car
A dining car (American English) or a restaurant car (British English), also a diner, is a passenger railroad car that serves meals in the manner of a full-service, sit-down restaurant.
These cars provide the highest level of service of any rai ...
, and two separate living compartment cars for
officers and
enlisted personnel. All the railcars were camouflaged as either
refrigerated vans or
passenger cars.
The lead locomotive was driven by three
Railway Troops officers with good knowledge of a patrolling route, while the two others were operated by enlisted personnel.
The
train
A train (from Old French , from Latin">-4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appropriate to talk of the beginnings of French, that is, when it wa ... , from Latin , "to pull, to draw") is a series of connected vehicles th ...
was able to cruise at speed of
and launch the missiles at any point of the route
on any Soviet rail line, which was made possible by implementation of the special mechanism for
short-circuiting and diverting the
overhead line
An overhead line or overhead wire is an electrical cable that is used to transmit electrical energy to electric locomotives, Electric multiple unit, electric multiple units, trolleybuses or trams. The generic term used by the International Union ...
().
Shortly after ejection by the powder pressure accumulator, at a height of 20–30 m, the missile would incline itself, so that the first-stage exhaust would not damage or overturn the railcar launcher, and then
ignite the first-stage
engine
An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy.
Available energy sources include potential energy (e.g. energy of the Earth's gravitational field as exploited in hydroelectric power ge ...
.
The rail-based missile incorporated an inflatable
nose cone
A nose cone is the conically shaped forwardmost section of a rocket, guided missile or aircraft, designed to modulate oncoming fluid dynamics, airflow behaviors and minimize aerodynamic drag. Nose cones are also designed for submerged wat ...
as a means of length reduction for accommodation in a refrigerator car,
while the silo-based variant was equipped with a more robust folding nose cone, since it was expected to be operated in a much harsher
preemptive nuclear strike environment.
In order to prevent damage to the
railroad tracks caused by high weight of the launching car with a missile (>200 tons),
the special three-car coupling system was developed for the launching modules, allowing for even weight distribution between neighboring cars.
The missile train was able to function autonomously for up to 28 days.
In order to evaluate
effects
Effect may refer to:
* A result or change of something
** List of effects
** Cause and effect, an idiom describing causality
Pharmacy and pharmacology
* Drug effect, a change resulting from the administration of a drug
** Therapeutic effect, ...
of a nearby
nuclear explosion on the missile complex, on 27 February 1991, in
Plesetsk, the "Sdvig" (, lit. "
Shift") experiment was conducted, upon which a pile of 100,000
TM-57 anti-tank mine
An anti-tank or AT mine is a type of land mine designed to damage or destroy vehicles including tanks and armored fighting vehicles.
Compared to anti-personnel mines, anti-tank mines typically have a much larger explosive charge, and a fuze desi ...
s was detonated with the yield of 1,000 tons of
TNT at a distance of 850 and 450 meters from the two separate groups of railcar launching and command modules. The experiment showed that, despite moderate damage to the railcars, the complexes were still able to conduct simulated missile launches (the computer system of one of them required a reboot). The level of
acoustic pressure
Sound pressure or acoustic pressure is the local pressure deviation from the ambient (average or equilibrium) atmospheric pressure, caused by a sound wave. In air, sound pressure can be measured using a microphone, and in water with a hydrophone ...
in the command modules, however, "exceeded 150
dB" and "would have resulted in a 20-minutes
hearing loss
Hearing loss is a partial or total inability to hear. Hearing loss may be present at birth or acquired at any time afterwards. Hearing loss may occur in one or both ears. In children, hearing problems can affect the ability to acquire spo ...
" for the personnel. Prior to that, in 1988, at
Semipalatinsk Test Site, the rail-based complex took part in the "Siyanie" (, lit. "Shining") and "Groza" (, lit. "Thunderstorm") experiments, meant to evaluate its
EMP and
lightning
Lightning is a natural phenomenon consisting of electrostatic discharges occurring through the atmosphere between two electrically charged regions. One or both regions are within the atmosphere, with the second region sometimes occurring on ...
protection effectiveness.
According to
US Defense Department, as of September 1991, production of the RT-23 had ended with approximately 90 missiles deployed.
Its production facilities were located in
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...
, and after the
dissolution of the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration No. 142-N of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. Declaration No. 142-Н of ...
in 1991, the production of the missile was halted.
The 46 silo-based missiles located in Ukraine were deactivated by mid-1996 and put into storage awaiting a decision on a feasible disposal method, while their warheads were sent to
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
for dismantlement.
In 1998–2001, all Ukrainian RT-23 missiles were dismantled and 45 out of 46 RT-23 silos exploded, with one of them left intact for
exhibition
An exhibition, in the most general sense, is an organized presentation and display of a selection of items. In practice, exhibitions usually occur within a cultural or educational setting such as a museum, art gallery, park, library, exhibiti ...
purposes.
A total of 46 missiles remained in service by April 1997 with the
Strategic Missile Forces (10 silo- and 36 rail-based).
The remaining 10 silo-based missiles in Russia were deactivated and sent for dismantlement in 2001, and their silos were modified for
Topol-M
The RT-2PM2 «Topol-M» (, NATO reporting name: SS-27 "Sickle B", other designations: SS-27 Mod 1, RS-12M1, RS-12M2, formerly incorrectly RT-2UTTKh) is one of the most recent intercontinental ballistic missiles to be deployed by Russia, and the f ...
complexes.
After 2000, the rail-based missiles were also gradually withdrawn from service, with the remaining 15 decommissioned in August 2005. In that same year,
Nikolay Solovtsov, then commander of the Strategic Missile Forces, officially announced retirement of the RT-23 rail-based complex.
The last RT-23 ICBM in Russia was eliminated in April 2008.
Its successor,
BZhRK Barguzin, was reportedly under development for the
Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN), but in 2017 it was announced the project had been frozen due to insufficient funding.
Versions
Former оperators
; and : The
Strategic Missile Troops
The Strategic Rocket Forces of the Russian Federation or the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation (RVSN RF; ) is a separate combat arm of the Russian Armed Forces that controls Russia's land-based intercontinental ballistic miss ...
were the only operators of the RT-23 until the breakup of the Soviet Union.
:Silo-based with
46th Rocket Division in
Pervomaisk and
60th Rocket Division in
Tatischevo.
:Rail-based with
10th Rocket Division in
Kostroma
Kostroma (, ) is a historic city and the administrative center of Kostroma Oblast, Russia. A part of the Golden Ring of Russian cities, it is located at the confluence of the rivers Volga and Kostroma. In the 2021 census, the population is 267, ...
region,
52nd Rocket Division in
Zvyozdny,
Perm region, and
36th Rocket Division in
Kedrovy,
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk is the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Yenisey, Yenisey River, and is the second-largest city in Siberia after Novosibirsk, with a p ...
region.
; : The
Armed Forces of Ukraine
The Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) are the Military, military forces of Ukraine. All military and security forces, including the Armed Forces, are under the command of the president of Ukraine and subject to oversight by a permanent Verkhovna Rad ...
inherited 46 silo-based RT-23 missiles stationed in
Pervomaisk upon independence from the Soviet Union.
Gallery
File:Боевой железнодорожный ракетный комплекс БЖРК 15П961 Молодец (1).jpg, RT-23 ''BZhRK'' at Varshavsky railway station. Now moved to Russian Railway Museum.
File:Missile silo of a SS-24 missile (2).JPG, The only remaining RT-23 silo in Pervomaisk.
See also
*
BZhRK Barguzin
*
DF-5
*
DF-41
*
LGM-30 Minuteman
The LGM-30 Minuteman is an American land-based intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) in service with the Air Force Global Strike Command. , the LGM-30G (Version 3) is the only land-based ICBM in service in the United States and represents th ...
*
Peacekeeper Rail Garrison
*
R-36 (missile)
The R-36 () is a family of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and space launch vehicles (Tsyklon) designed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The original R-36 was deployed under the GRAU index 8K67 and was given the NATO reportin ...
*
RS-24 Yars
*
RS-26 Rubezh
*
RS-28 Sarmat
*
RT-2PM Topol
*
RT-2PM2 Topol-M
*
Strategic Missile Forces
*
UR-100N
*
Railway-borne Hwasong-11A (KN-23)
References
External links
Russian nuclear forces 2005 (Gated)SS-24 Scalpel – RT-23 – More photos
БЖРК - Боевой Железнодорожный Ракетный Комплекс (YouTube) - BZhRK archive footage
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rt-23 Molodets
Cold War intercontinental ballistic missiles of the Soviet Union
Railway weapons
Soviet inventions
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s