The M-11 Shtorm (; ) is a

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naval A navy, naval force, military maritime fleet, war navy, or maritime force is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operatio ...

surface-to-air missile A surface-to-air missile (SAM), also known as a ground-to-air missile (GTAM) or surface-to-air guided weapon (SAGW), is a missile designed to be launched from the ground or the sea to destroy aircraft or other missiles. It is one type of anti-ai ...

system. Its

GRAU The Main Missile and Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (), commonly referred to by its transliterated acronym GRAU (), is a department of the Russian Ministry of Defense. It is subordinate to the Chief of ...

designation is 4K60. Its

NATO reporting name NATO uses a system of code names, called reporting names, to denote military aircraft and other equipment used by post-Soviet states, former Warsaw Pact countries, China, and other countries. The system assists military communications by providi ...

is SA-N-3 Goblet. The system was first installed on , an

anti-submarine warfare carrier An anti-submarine warfare carrier (ASW carrier) (US hull classification symbol CVS) is a type of small aircraft carrier whose primary role is as the nucleus of an anti-submarine warfare hunter-killer group. This type of ship came into existence d ...

, which was commissioned in 1967, but the system was not officially accepted into service until 1969. Unusually for such systems, it has no land-based counterpart. It was only deployed on Russian vessels, and was never used in combat.

Development

Development of the M-11 Storm system was first authorised on 25 July 1959. Work was carried out by Scientific Research Institute 10 (NII-10) that was also working on the M-1 Volna system. It was originally intended to be installed on the Project 1126 warship, but both the ship and missile system were canceled in June 1961. However, the missile project was re-activated only a month later for installation in the Project 1123 ''Moskva''-class helicopter carrier. The design was completed in April 1962, and included a modified version of the ZIF-101 launcher, that was used with the M-1 missile system. The launcher design proved to be impractical, the resulting redesign delayed production of prototypes until 1964. Between 1964 and 1966

sea trial A sea trial or trial trip is the testing phase of a watercraft (including boats, ships, and submarines). It is also referred to as a "shakedown cruise" by many naval personnel. It is usually the last phase of construction and takes place on op ...

s were conducted on the missile testbed ''OS-24'' which had previously been the

heavy cruiser A heavy cruiser was a type of cruiser, a naval warship designed for long range and high speed, armed generally with naval guns of roughly 203 mm (8 inches) in calibre, whose design parameters were dictated by the Washington Naval Treat ...

. The system was installed on , which was commissioned on 25 December 1967, but development continued until 1969 when it was officially accepted into service.

Description

The 4K60/41K65 missiles are carried in pairs on rotating twin rail launchers and fly at between

Mach The Mach number (M or Ma), often only Mach, (; ) is a dimensionless quantity in fluid dynamics representing the ratio of flow velocity past a Boundary (thermodynamic), boundary to the local speed of sound. It is named after the Austrian physi ...

2 and 3. They are long, weigh each with an warheads. The effective altitude is around and the earlier missiles have an engagement range of while the 41K65 extends the maximum range to . Guidance is via

radio command Command guidance is a type of missile guidance in which a ground station or aircraft relay signals to a guided missile via radio control or through a wire connecting the missile to the launcher and tell the missile where to steer to intercept ...

. The radar associated with the M-11 is known in the west as "Head Lights", often found in conjunction with a "Top Sail" search radar. The initial version of this system, the 4K60 M-11 "Shtorm" with V611 missiles is known to the

US DoD The United States Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD, or DOD) is an executive department of the U.S. federal government charged with coordinating and supervising the six U.S. armed services: the Army, Navy, Marines, Air Force, Space Force, t ...

as the SA-N-3A. The upgraded version is the 4K65 "Shtorm-M" with V611M missiles and is designated the SA-N-3B.

Variants

*4K60 Shtorm V611 (SA-N-3A) - Initial version *4K65 Shtorm-M V611M (SA-N-3B) - Improved version

Installations

A total of 25 systems were produced and installed on the following classes of ships: * s (1967–1991) – two twin B-189 launchers, each fed from twin six-round drum magazines, for a total of 48 missiles. * Kresta II-class guided missile cruisers (1968–1993) – two twin launchers. 72 missiles total. * Kara-class guided missile cruisers (1969–2014, one in reserve until April 2020) – two B-189 twin launchers, each fed from twin six-round drum magazines, 80 missiles total. * s (first launched 1970, last sold to India 2004) – two twin launchers.

Former operators

* *

References