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The S_4 Index is a standard index used to measure
ionospheric The ionosphere () is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about to above sea level, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an im ...
disturbances. It is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation of signal intensity to the average signal intensity.


Real Time data

This parameter is displayed in real time by many institutions:
at Arecibo Observatoryat INPE, in Brasil


References

Ionosphere {{astrophysics-stub