The Georgian S3 route (
Georgian: საერთაშორისო მნიშვნელობის გზა ს3, ''Saertashoriso mnishvnelobis gza S3'', road of international importance), also known as
Mtskheta
Mtskheta ( ka, მცხეთა, tr ) is a city in Mtskheta-Mtianeti province of Georgia. It is one of the oldest cities in Georgia as well as one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the World. Itis located approximately north of ...
-
Stepantsminda
Stepantsminda ( ka, სტეფანწმინდა; formerly Kazbegi, ), is a townlet in the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region of north-eastern Georgia. Historically and ethnographically, the town is part of the Khevi province. It is the center of ...
-Larsi (
Georgia–Russia border
The Georgia–Russia border is the state border between Georgia and Russia. It is ''de jure'' 894 km (556 mi) in length and runs from the Black Sea coast in the west and then along the Greater Caucasus Mountains to the tripoint with Azerba ...
) or
Georgian Military Road
The Georgian Military Road or Georgian Military Highway (, 'sakartvelos samkhedro gza'' , os, Арвыкомы фæндаг 'Arvykomy fændag'' is the historic name for a major route through the Caucasus from Georgia to Russia. Alternative r ...
,
is a "road of international importance" within the Georgian road network and runs from
Mtskheta
Mtskheta ( ka, მცხეთა, tr ) is a city in Mtskheta-Mtianeti province of Georgia. It is one of the oldest cities in Georgia as well as one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the World. Itis located approximately north of ...
to the border with
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eigh ...
near
Stepantsminda
Stepantsminda ( ka, სტეფანწმინდა; formerly Kazbegi, ), is a townlet in the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region of north-eastern Georgia. Historically and ethnographically, the town is part of the Khevi province. It is the center of ...
with a length of .
After crossing the
Georgian-Russian border the highway continues as
A161 to
Vladikavkaz
Vladikavkaz (russian: Владикавка́з, , os, Дзæуджыхъæу, translit=Dzæwdžyqæw, ;), formerly known as Ordzhonikidze () and Dzaudzhikau (), is the capital city of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia. It is located in ...
, the capital of Russia's
North Ossetia–Alania
The Republic of North Ossetia–Alania; os, Республикӕ Цӕгат Ирыстон — Алани, ''Respublikæ Cægat Iryston — Alani'', ) is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe. Its population acc ...
federal republic. The highway is the only open land route between
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eigh ...
and
Georgia (country)
Georgia (, ; ) is a transcontinental country at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is part of the Caucasus region, bounded by the Black Sea to the west, by Russia to the north and northeast, by Turkey to the so ...
, while routes via Georgian breakaways
South Ossetia
South Ossetia, ka, სამხრეთი ოსეთი, ( , ), officially the Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania, is a partially recognised landlocked state in the South Caucasus. It has an officially stated popula ...
and
Abkhazia
Abkhazia, ka, აფხაზეთი, tr, , xmf, აბჟუა, abzhua, or ( or ), officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, recognised by most countries as part of Georgia, which v ...
are effectively closed for through traffic (and only facilitate traffic between the breakaways and Russia).
The S3 highway is entirely part of the European
E117 and Asian
AH81
Asian Highway 81 (AH81) is a road in the Asian Highway Network running 1143 km (714 miles) from Larsi, Georgia to Baku, Azerbaijan, with ferry connection to Aktau, Kazakhstan. The route is as follows: Georgia
* S3 Highway: Larsi - Natakhtari
* ...
routes and connects with the Georgian
S1 highway at its Southern terminus near
Mtskheta
Mtskheta ( ka, მცხეთა, tr ) is a city in Mtskheta-Mtianeti province of Georgia. It is one of the oldest cities in Georgia as well as one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the World. Itis located approximately north of ...
. Furthermore, the highway is located in the
Mtskheta-Mtianeti
Mtskheta-Mtianeti ( ka, მცხეთა-მთიანეთი, literally "Mtskheta-Mountain Area") is a region ( Mkhare) in eastern Georgia comprising the town of Mtskheta, which serves as a regional capital, together with its district and t ...
region and passes through
Zhinvali
image:Jinvali, Georgia — Zhinvali Reservoir.jpg, 250px, Zhinvali reservoir
Zhinvali ( ka, ჟინვალი) is a townlet in Georgia, Dusheti Municipality (Mtskheta-Mtianeti region), on river Aragvi.
It has one of the largest hydroelectric p ...
,
Ananuri
Ananuri () is a castle complex on the Aragvi River in Dusheti Municipality Georgia, about from Tbilisi.
History
Ananuri was a castle and seat of the ''eristavis'' (Dukes) of Aragvi, a feudal dynasty which ruled the area from the 13th century. T ...
,
Pasanauri
Pasanauri ( ka, ფასანაური, also spelled ''Passanauri'') is a small town ('' daba'') in Georgia, situated in the Dusheti district, Mtskheta-Mtianeti region.
Pasanauri lies about north of the nation’s capital of Tbilisi, at elev ...
and skiresort
Gudauri
Gudauri ( ka, გუდაური) is a ski resort located on the south-facing plateau of The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range in Georgia. The resort is situated in the Stepantsminda District, along the Georgian Military Highway near the Jvari ...
where it reaches its highest point, the Jvari Pass (). It has been built as a two lane road, but designs have been developed to upgrade the southern part of the S3 between
Natakhtari
Natakhtari ( ka, ნატახტარი) is a village in the Mtskheta municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti region, Georgia. It is located in Eastern Georgia, on the right bank of the Aragvi river, at elevation of 510 m above sea level, 8 km north ...
and
Zhinvali
image:Jinvali, Georgia — Zhinvali Reservoir.jpg, 250px, Zhinvali reservoir
Zhinvali ( ka, ჟინვალი) is a townlet in Georgia, Dusheti Municipality (Mtskheta-Mtianeti region), on river Aragvi.
It has one of the largest hydroelectric p ...
to a 2x2
motorway
A controlled-access highway is a type of highway that has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow—ingress and egress—regulated. Common English terms are freeway, motorway and expressway. Other similar terms ...
(or
dual carriageway
A dual carriageway ( BE) or divided highway ( AE) is a class of highway with carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions separated by a central reservation (BrE) or median (AmE). Roads with two or more carriageways which are ...
) as a northern extension of the
S9 Tbilisi Bypass.
A bypass of the Jvari Pass, prone to heavy snowfall and disruption of commercial cross-border traffic, is under construction since 2021 with a long tunnel, the longest in the region.
Background
The route of the S3 follows the historic
Georgian Military Road
The Georgian Military Road or Georgian Military Highway (, 'sakartvelos samkhedro gza'' , os, Арвыкомы фæндаг 'Arvykomy fændag'' is the historic name for a major route through the Caucasus from Georgia to Russia. Alternative r ...
which goes back many centuries. For a long time it was the only suitable way to pass the central section of the Caucasus mountains while the deep
Darial Gorge
The Darial Gorge ( ka, დარიალის ხეობა, ''Darialis Kheoba''; russian: Дарьяльское ущелье; os, Арвыком, ''Arvykom''; inh, Даьра Аьле, ''Dära Äle''; Chechen: Теркан чӀаж, ''Te ...
at the
Georgia–Russia border
The Georgia–Russia border is the state border between Georgia and Russia. It is ''de jure'' 894 km (556 mi) in length and runs from the Black Sea coast in the west and then along the Greater Caucasus Mountains to the tripoint with Azerba ...
acted as a natural gate for anyone who wanted to pass the mountains, especially from the north. The route was also used by the Russian military to expand its control into
Transcaucasia
The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains. The South Caucasus roughly corresponds to modern Arme ...
after the
Kingdom of Georgia
The Kingdom of Georgia ( ka, საქართველოს სამეფო, tr), also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval Eurasian monarchy that was founded in circa 1008 AD. It reached its Golden Age of political and economi ...
became a protectorate of the
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the List of Russian monarchs, Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended th ...
in 1783.
Since 1960 the current S3 was one of 37 listed routes in the Soviet Union, as main road 16 between
Beslan
Beslan (russian: Бесла́н; os, Беслӕн, ''Beslæn'', ) is a town and the administrative center of Pravoberezhny District of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Russia, located about north of the republic's capital Vladikavkaz, ...
and
Yerevan
Yerevan ( , , hy, Երևան , sometimes spelled Erevan) is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and ...
via
Tbilisi
Tbilisi ( ; ka, თბილისი ), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis ( ), is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of approximately 1.5 million p ...
.
In the early 1980s the Soviet road numbering system was overhauled and the Georgian Military Road became part of the A-301 between
Tbilisi
Tbilisi ( ; ka, თბილისი ), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis ( ), is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of approximately 1.5 million p ...
(
Natakhtari
Natakhtari ( ka, ნატახტარი) is a village in the Mtskheta municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti region, Georgia. It is located in Eastern Georgia, on the right bank of the Aragvi river, at elevation of 510 m above sea level, 8 km north ...
junction with M-27, the current
S1) and
Beslan
Beslan (russian: Бесла́н; os, Беслӕн, ''Beslæn'', ) is a town and the administrative center of Pravoberezhny District of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Russia, located about north of the republic's capital Vladikavkaz, ...
.
After
Georgia
Georgia most commonly refers to:
* Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States
Georgia may also refer to:
Places
Historical states and entities
* Related to t ...
regained independence in 1991, the A-301 designation was maintained until 1996 when the current route numbering system was adopted. In that year the "roads of international importance" (S-)category was introduced and the "S3
Mtskheta
Mtskheta ( ka, მცხეთა, tr ) is a city in Mtskheta-Mtianeti province of Georgia. It is one of the oldest cities in Georgia as well as one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the World. Itis located approximately north of ...
-
Stepantsminda
Stepantsminda ( ka, სტეფანწმინდა; formerly Kazbegi, ), is a townlet in the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region of north-eastern Georgia. Historically and ethnographically, the town is part of the Khevi province. It is the center of ...
-Larsi (
Georgia–Russia border
The Georgia–Russia border is the state border between Georgia and Russia. It is ''de jure'' 894 km (556 mi) in length and runs from the Black Sea coast in the west and then along the Greater Caucasus Mountains to the tripoint with Azerba ...
)" replaced the A-301 designation.
The S3 is the only direct road between centrally controlled Georgia and Russia, and is a crucial overland trunk route between
Armenia
Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ...
and
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eigh ...
as well. Between 2006 and 2010 the Larsi border crossing at the northern terminus of the S3 was closed by
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eigh ...
in response to policies of the
Saakashvili
Mikheil Saakashvili ( ka, მიხეილ სააკაშვილი ; uk, Міхеіл Саакашвілі ; born 21 December 1967) is a Georgian and Ukrainian politician and jurist. administration at the time, and no overland traffic between Georgia and Russia was possible at all, seriously affecting Armenia which relies on trade with Russia. At the instigation of Armenia the border crossing reopened in March 2010.
The upper parts of the highway in the Caucasus Mountains are prone to landslides and heavy snow, which lead to frequent road closures and long (truck) queues. This has led to initiatives by Armenia and Russia to move Georgia to facilitate other available overland routes via its breakaways
South Ossetia
South Ossetia, ka, სამხრეთი ოსეთი, ( , ), officially the Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania, is a partially recognised landlocked state in the South Caucasus. It has an officially stated popula ...
(
Roki Tunnel
The Roki Tunnel (also called Roksky Tunnel, ka, როკის გვირაბი; ; russian: Рокский туннель) is a mountain tunnel of the Transkam road through the Greater Caucasus Mountains, north of the village Upper Roka. I ...
) and
Abkhazia
Abkhazia, ka, აფხაზეთი, tr, , xmf, აბჟუა, abzhua, or ( or ), officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, recognised by most countries as part of Georgia, which v ...
to spread traffic and liability to delays.
These initiatives have not brought any concrete progress. Instead, Georgia has begun to upgrade the most sensitive parts of the Georgian Military Road. Near the Russian border a new tunnel has been built to address the impact of landslides.
This was spurred after two massive landslides in 2014 which killed 7 people, heavily damaged the Georgian border checkpoint and blocked traffic for nearly two months in total.
Gudauri tunnel bypass

In 2021, as part of the 'North-South Corridor' project upgrading the
Armenia
Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ...
-
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eigh ...
route, the construction of a long bypass of skiresort
Gudauri
Gudauri ( ka, გუდაური) is a ski resort located on the south-facing plateau of The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range in Georgia. The resort is situated in the Stepantsminda District, along the Georgian Military Highway near the Jvari ...
has started, between Kvesheti and Kobi. The bypass intends to avoid not only the skiresort, bit also the high Jvari Pass, which is prone to heavy snowfall and disruption for commercial cross-border traffic. It will be routed through the Khada Valley and will consist of a two-lane road plus a separate uphill lane for heavy traffic (2+1) and a tunnel through the Sadzele mountain, the longest in the Caucasus region.
Kvesheti is at an altitude of while Kobi is at , which will then become the highest point in the road. The vertical difference of will mainly be overcome at Kvesheti and in the Khada valley. The south portal of the tunnel will be at approximately above sealevel, while the north portal at Kobi will be at approximately . The passage through the mountain reduces a major climb and descend of from the route. Apart from the long tunnel, the bypass will feature 4 smaller tunnels and 6 bridges, including a landmark
arch bridge
An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side. A viaduct (a ...
and a height of spanning the Khada Valley and Khadistskali river.
The tunnel drilling started in 2021 and is done with a Tunnel Drilling Machine from China.
The cost of the project is $558.6 million and is financed by the
Asian Development Bank
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966, which is headquartered in the Ortigas Center located in the city of Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines. The bank also maintains 31 field offi ...
and the
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is an international financial institution founded in 1991. As a multilateral developmental investment bank, the EBRD uses investment as a tool to build market economies. Initially fo ...
(EBRD), with additional state budget funding from the Georgian government.
Future
Financed by the
Asian Development Bank
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966, which is headquartered in the Ortigas Center located in the city of Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines. The bank also maintains 31 field offi ...
feasibility and design studies have been finalized in 2020 for a realignment of of the southern part of the S3 between
Natakhtari
Natakhtari ( ka, ნატახტარი) is a village in the Mtskheta municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti region, Georgia. It is located in Eastern Georgia, on the right bank of the Aragvi river, at elevation of 510 m above sea level, 8 km north ...
and
Zhinvali
image:Jinvali, Georgia — Zhinvali Reservoir.jpg, 250px, Zhinvali reservoir
Zhinvali ( ka, ჟინვალი) is a townlet in Georgia, Dusheti Municipality (Mtskheta-Mtianeti region), on river Aragvi.
It has one of the largest hydroelectric p ...
on the left bank of the
Aragvi
The Aragvi ( ka, არაგვი) and its basin are in Georgia on the southern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains. The river is long, and its basin covers an area of . The ground strata are mostly sandstone, slate, and limestone. The Zhi ...
river as a 2x2
motorway
A controlled-access highway is a type of highway that has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow—ingress and egress—regulated. Common English terms are freeway, motorway and expressway. Other similar terms ...
(or
dual carriageway
A dual carriageway ( BE) or divided highway ( AE) is a class of highway with carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions separated by a central reservation (BrE) or median (AmE). Roads with two or more carriageways which are ...
).
Route
The S3 highway branches off the
S1 highway just north of
Tbilisi
Tbilisi ( ; ka, თბილისი ), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis ( ), is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of approximately 1.5 million p ...
and runs through the rather flat
Aragvi
The Aragvi ( ka, არაგვი) and its basin are in Georgia on the southern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains. The river is long, and its basin covers an area of . The ground strata are mostly sandstone, slate, and limestone. The Zhi ...
river valley straight north, and after a few kilometres the road gets closed in by the mountains while the Aragvi valley continues on a slight incline until
Zhinvali
image:Jinvali, Georgia — Zhinvali Reservoir.jpg, 250px, Zhinvali reservoir
Zhinvali ( ka, ჟინვალი) is a townlet in Georgia, Dusheti Municipality (Mtskheta-Mtianeti region), on river Aragvi.
It has one of the largest hydroelectric p ...
while passing through various villages with many local businesses. Zhinvali is a crosspoint for important state routes, the Sh26 to
Shatili
Shatili ( ka, შატილი, ''Šat’ili'' ) is a historic highland village in Georgia, near the border with Chechnya. It is located on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus mountains, in the historical Georgian province of Upper Khevs ...
at the Russian border and the Sh27 to
Tianeti
Tianeti is a townlet in east-central Georgia, in the Caucasus Mountains. Tianeti is the administrative center of Municipality of Tianeti, which also comprises the town of Sioni and 43 neighbouring villages (total area – 907 km2; populatio ...
. The latter branches off the Sh26 just outside of Zhinvali and offers a northern route to the
Kakheti
Kakheti ( ka, კახეთი ''K’akheti''; ) is a region ( mkhare) formed in the 1990s in eastern Georgia from the historical province of Kakheti and the small, mountainous province of Tusheti. Telavi is its capital. The region comprises e ...
region. Both state routes have been rehabilitated in recent years. From Zhinvali the S3 highway continues along the West arm of its namesake
reservoir
A reservoir (; from French ''réservoir'' ) is an enlarged lake behind a dam. Such a dam may be either artificial, built to store fresh water or it may be a natural formation.
Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways, including control ...
. From this point the Aragvi river valley turns into a gorge. After Kvesheti, the starting point of the Gudauri Bypass which is under construction through the Khada Valley, the road begins its climb to the Jvari pass via skiresort
Gudauri
Gudauri ( ka, გუდაური) is a ski resort located on the south-facing plateau of The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range in Georgia. The resort is situated in the Stepantsminda District, along the Georgian Military Highway near the Jvari ...
. In just the road climbs more than in altitude to .
The Jvari Pass is part of the north-south watershed of the Caucasus Mountains which separates the
Aragvi
The Aragvi ( ka, არაგვი) and its basin are in Georgia on the southern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains. The river is long, and its basin covers an area of . The ground strata are mostly sandstone, slate, and limestone. The Zhi ...
and
terek Terek may refer to:
Places China
* (), a list of township-level divisions of Xinjiang, town in Xinjiang, China
Kyrgyzstan
*Terek, Alay, a village in Alay District, Osh Region
*Terek, Kara-Kulja, a village in Kara-Kulja District, Osh Region
*Terek ...
river basins. On the north side of the pass the Georgian Military Highway gradually descends to Kobi where the new Gudauri Bypass will join the S3 at an altitude of . At Kobi the highway joins the Terek river which runs through the
Dariali Gorge
The Darial Gorge ( ka, დარიალის ხეობა, ''Darialis Kheoba''; russian: Дарьяльское ущелье; os, Арвыком, ''Arvykom''; inh, Даьра Аьле, ''Dära Äle''; Chechen: Теркан чӀаж, ''Te ...
to Russia. Via a few small villages the highway reaches
Stepantsminda
Stepantsminda ( ka, სტეფანწმინდა; formerly Kazbegi, ), is a townlet in the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region of north-eastern Georgia. Historically and ethnographically, the town is part of the Khevi province. It is the center of ...
, the (administrative) center of
Kazbegi Municipality
Kazbegi ( ka, ყაზბეგის მუნიციპალიტეტი) is a district of Georgia, in the region of Mtskheta-Mtianeti in east-north Georgia.
The main settlement is Stepantsminda, accounting for about half of the total ...
and the site of the iconic
Gergeti Trinity Church
Gergeti Trinity Church ( - ''Tsminda Sameba'') is a popular name for Holy Trinity Church near the village of Stepantsminda in Georgia. The church is situated on the right bank of the river Chkheri (the left tributary of the river Terek), at an e ...
which looms over the Georgian Military Road from above. For many overland travellers it is the first stop in Georgia when coming from Russia.
Between Kobi and Stepantsminda the Terek river valley is relatively wide, but north from Stepantsminda the mountains close in culminating in the
Dariali Gorge
The Darial Gorge ( ka, დარიალის ხეობა, ''Darialis Kheoba''; russian: Дарьяльское ущелье; os, Арвыком, ''Arvykom''; inh, Даьра Аьле, ''Dära Äle''; Chechen: Теркан чӀаж, ''Te ...
near the Georgian-Russian border. Here a new 2 km long tunnel has been built in 2018 to protect the road against landslides and avalanches.
On other spots avalanche galleries have been constructed as well. The Georgian Kazbegi border checkpoint is located at an altitude of above sea level close to the actual border while the Russian Verkhniy Lars checkpoint is further downstream the Terek River due to the geography. The road continues as
A161 to
Vladikavkaz
Vladikavkaz (russian: Владикавка́з, , os, Дзæуджыхъæу, translit=Dzæwdžyqæw, ;), formerly known as Ordzhonikidze () and Dzaudzhikau (), is the capital city of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia. It is located in ...
, the capital of the Russian federal republic
North Ossetia–Alania
The Republic of North Ossetia–Alania; os, Республикӕ Цӕгат Ирыстон — Алани, ''Respublikæ Cægat Iryston — Alani'', ) is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe. Its population acc ...
/
Intersections
References
*
{{Georgian S-road network
Roads in Georgia (country)