The S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy () is a

higher education institution Tertiary education (higher education, or post-secondary education) is the educational level following the completion of secondary education. The World Bank defines tertiary education as including universities, colleges, and vocational school ...

of military medicine in

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...

and the

Russian Federation Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

. Senior medical staff are trained for the

Russian Armed Forces The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, commonly referred to as the Russian Armed Forces, are the military of Russia. They are organized into three service branches—the Russian Ground Forces, Ground Forces, Russian Navy, Navy, and Russi ...

and conduct research in military medical services.

History

Origins

The origins of the academy go back to the years of

Peter the Great Peter I (, ; – ), better known as Peter the Great, was the Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia, Tsar of all Russia from 1682 and the first Emperor of Russia, Emperor of all Russia from 1721 until his death in 1725. He reigned j ...

. In 1715, by the Tsar's order the Admiralty Hospital in the

Vyborg Vyborg (; , ; , ; , ) is a town and the administrative center of Vyborgsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It lies on the Karelian Isthmus near the head of Vyborg Bay, northwest of St. Petersburg, east of the Finnish capital H ...

Side of

was founded. In 1717 next to it the Land Military Hospital was opened. Since 1773 surgical schools attached to both hospitals were operating. In 1786, those schools were consolidated into the Main Medical College. It became the principal training center for army and fleet physicians.

Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy

Unofficially, the year 1714 is considered the foundation year of the academy. The Medical and Surgical Academy was established by the order of

Emperor Paul I Paul I (; – ) was Emperor of Russia from 1796 until his assassination in 1801. Paul remained overshadowed by his mother, Catherine the Great, for most of his life. He adopted the laws of succession to the Russian throne—rules that lasted ...

of 18/29 December 1798 on the initiative of

Baron Alexei Vasilyev Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often hereditary, in various European countries, either current or historical. The female equivalent is baroness. Typically, the title denotes an aristocrat who ranks higher than a lord or knight, ...

( ru), General Director of the Medical College. It was decorated with a set of panel paintings by

Giuseppe Bernasconi Giuseppe Bernasconi (''Iosif Ivanovich Bernaskoni''; Russian: Джузеппе/Иосиф Иванович Бернаскони; 1778 – 18 March 1839) was a Russian Empire, Russian decorative painter of Swiss-Italian origins. He worked on decora ...

. It was known as the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy from 1808. According to the order of

Emperor Alexander I Alexander I (, ; – ), nicknamed "the Blessed", was Emperor of Russia from 1801, the first king of Congress Poland from 1815, and the grand duke of Finland from 1809 to his death in 1825. He ruled Russia during the chaotic period of the Napoleo ...

, a member of the Medical and Surgical Academy had the rights, liabilities, and benefits of a member of the Academy of Sciences. PGRS 2 071 Pirogov - crop

Sir James Wylie, a Scottish

baronet A baronet ( or ; abbreviated Bart or Bt) or the female equivalent, a baronetess (, , or ; abbreviation Btss), is the holder of a baronetcy, a hereditary title awarded by the British Crown. The title of baronet is mentioned as early as the 14th ...

, managed the academy between 1808 and 1838. His contributions have been commemorated with a monument which stood in front of the academy until the

October Revolution The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Historiography in the Soviet Union, Soviet historiography), October coup, Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was the second of Russian Revolution, two r ...

. It was later relocated and replaced with a statue of

Hygieia Hygieia is a goddess from Greek mythology (more commonly spelled Hygeia, sometimes Hygiea; ; or , or ). Hygieia is a goddess of health ( – ''hugieia''), cleanliness and hygiene. Her name is the source for the word "hygiene". Hygieia devel ...

Imperial Military Medical Academy

In 1881, the academy's official name was changed into the Imperial Military Medical Academy.

Ivan Romanovich Tarkhanov Ivan Romanovich Tarkhanov () or Ivane Tarkhnishvili ( ka, ივანე რამაზის–ძე თარხნიშვილი, თარხან-მოურავი; June 1846 – September 1908) was a Georgian physiologist and sc ...

conducted some experiments there. In 1890–1901, the academy's president was

Viktor Pashutin Viktor Vasilyevich Pashutin (Russian: Ви́ктор Васи́льевич Пашу́тин) was a Russian pathophysiologist, one of the founders of the pathophysiologic school in Russia and of pathophysiology as an independent scientific discip ...

, one of the founders of the pathophysiologic school in

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

and of pathophysiology as an independent scientific discipline. The Nobel-prize winning physiologist

Ivan Pavlov Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (, ; 27 February 1936) was a Russian and Soviet experimental neurologist and physiologist known for his discovery of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs. Pavlov also conducted significant research on ...

graduated from the academy in 1879. Since 1895 he headed Department of Physiology at the academy for three decades. Ivan Pavlov NLM3

In 1904–1924,

Nikolai Kravkov Nikolai Pavlovich Kravkov (in Russian Николай Павлович Кравков) was a prominent Russian pharmacologist, Full Member of the Imperial Military Medical Academy (1914), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Science (1 ...

, the founder of Russian national school of pharmacologists, headed the academy's Department of Pharmacology. In 1903–1936, one of the academy's professors was Sergey Fedorov. The academy was also among the pioneers of medical

education for women Female education is a catch-all term for a complex set of issues and debates surrounding education (primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, and health education in particular) for girls and women. It is frequently called girls ...

, launching the courses for nurse-midwives in 1872. Nadezhda Suslova, the first female physician in Russia, attended Sechenov's classes at the academy.

S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy

After

Sergey Kirov Sergei Mironovich Kirov (born Kostrikov; 27 March 1886 – 1 December 1934) was a Russian and Soviet politician and Bolshevik revolutionary. Kirov was an early revolutionary in the Russian Empire and a member of the Bolshevik faction of the Russ ...

's assassination in 1934, the academy received his name.

Leon Orbeli Leon Abgarovich Orbeli (; ; – 9 December 1958) was an Armenian physiologist active in the Russian SFSR. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union and Armenian National Academy of Sciences (the latter was founded by his b ...

, one of Pavlov's disciples, led the academy in 1943–1950. In 1956, S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy was united with the Naval Medical Academy established on the basis of Obukhovskaya Hospital and the Third Leningrad Medical Institute in 1940. The academy had six faculties, 61 departments, 30 clinics, 16 research laboratories, and two research centres in 2002. Late in 2011, minister of defense

Anatoliy Serdyukov Anatoly Eduardovich Serdyukov (; born 8 January 1962) is a Russian politician and businessman. He was Russia's Minister of Defense from 15 February 2007 to 6 November 2012, and made several major reforms in the Russian military. He has worked a ...

declared his intention to move the academy from the centre of Saint Petersburg to one of its suburbs. This decision was overturned after Serdyukov had been sacked. Russian Medical Military Academy in SPB

Graduates are commissioned as officers with medical doctor credentials.

Structure

The academy has the following faculties: *Faculty of Management *Faculty of Training of Doctors (for the

Strategic Missile Forces The Strategic Rocket Forces of the Russian Federation or the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation (RVSN RF; ) is a separate combat arm of the Russian Armed Forces that controls Russia's land-based intercontinental ballistic miss ...

and

Russian Ground Forces The Russian Ground Forces (), also known as the Russian Army in English, are the Army, land forces of the Russian Armed Forces. The primary responsibilities of the Russian Ground Forces are the protection of the state borders, combat on land, ...

) *Faculty of Physician Training (for

Russian Aerospace Forces The Russian Aerospace Forces or Russian Air and Space Forces (VKS) comprise the air force, aerial, space force, space warfare, and Missile defense, missile defence Military branch, branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It was ...

) *Faculty of Physician Training (for the

Russian Navy The Russian Navy is the Navy, naval arm of the Russian Armed Forces. It has existed in various forms since 1696. Its present iteration was formed in January 1992 when it succeeded the Navy of the Commonwealth of Independent States (which had i ...

) *Faculty of the Training of Foreign Doctors *Faculty of Training of Professional Doctors *Faculty of Training for Civilian Specialists *Faculty of Secondary Vocational Education VMEDA

The educational bases of the branch are: * Educational and laboratory building * Main Military Clinical Hospital named after N. N. Burdenko * Branch of the hospital * 3rd Central Exhibition Hall ** Branch No. 1 ** Branch No. 2 ** Branch No. 6 * 2nd Central Military Hospital named after P. Mandryka * Treatment and Rehabilitation Clinical Center * 9th Diagnostic and Treatment Center * Moscow Regional Ambulance Station Since 1 September 2015, it has been working as a branch of the Institute for the Advancement of Doctors of the Ministry of Defense. 63 departments (28 military, 35 civilian), of which 31 are clinical, 17 are surgical, and 14 are therapeutic.

Support units

There are three support units * Base – The academy's clinical base has a staff capacity of 2,616 beds and is represented by 16 surgical clinics (including 7 general and 9 specialized clinics). * Editorial office – Since November 4, 1958, the academy has been publishing the large-circulation newspaper Military Doctor, since 1999 the quarterly journal Vestnik of the Russian Military Medical Academy, and since 2016, Izvestia of the Russian Military Medical Academy. *

Military Band A military band is a group of personnel that performs musical duties for military functions, usually for the armed forces. A typical military band consists mostly of wind instrument, wind and percussion instruments. The conducting, conductor of a ...

– The band of the Military Medical Academy is the official marching band of the academy. The band took part in many celebrations held by the administrations of the city of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Oblast. In the Soviet era, the band won multiple prizes during the All-Union Competition. It is an annual participant in the

Victory Day Parade Victory Day (9 May), Victory Day parades () are common military parades that are held on 9 May in some Post-Soviet states, post-Soviet nations, primarily Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, and Ukraine. They are usually held to honor the traditional Vic ...

on 9 May, a parade in honor of the lifting of the

Siege of Leningrad The siege of Leningrad was a Siege, military blockade undertaken by the Axis powers against the city of Leningrad (present-day Saint Petersburg) in the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Front of World War II from 1941 t ...

, as well as the celebrations of the Day of the city,

Paratroopers' Day Airborne Forces Day also known as Paratroopers' Day is a professional military holiday observed in Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, celebrated on 2 August annually. It was formerly celebrated in the Soviet Union until its collapse in 1991. It was c ...

and

Alexander Nevsky Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (; ; monastic name: ''Aleksiy''; 13 May 1221 – 14 November 1263) was Prince of Novgorod (1236–1240; 1241–1256; 1258–1259), Grand Prince of Kiev (1249–1263), and Grand Prince of Vladimir (1252–1263). ...

Day. Musicians of the band have notably participated in the filming of historical films and military-historical reconstructions. In 2019, the band, led by conductor Lieutenant Cololonel Mikhail Nikolaev, participated in the

Spasskaya Tower Military Music Festival and Tattoo The Spasskaya Tower International Military Music Festival is an annual military music event and military tattoo held in Moscow on Red Square. Participating in the festival are Russian and foreign military bands, folk groups, and honor guard units ...

Red Square Red Square ( rus, Красная площадь, Krasnaya ploshchad', p=ˈkrasnəjə ˈploɕːɪtʲ) is one of the oldest and largest town square, squares in Moscow, Russia. It is located in Moscow's historic centre, along the eastern walls of ...

. In 2016, 11 territorial retraining and advanced training courses for paramedical personnel were opened in

Vladivostok Vladivostok ( ; , ) is the largest city and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai and the capital of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia. It is located around the Zolotoy Rog, Golden Horn Bay on the Sea of Japan, covering an area o ...

, Chita,

Novosibirsk Novosibirsk is the largest city and administrative centre of Novosibirsk Oblast and the Siberian Federal District in Russia. As of the 2021 Russian census, 2021 census, it had a population of 1,633,595, making it the most populous city in Siber ...

Yekaterinburg Yekaterinburg (, ; ), alternatively Romanization of Russian, romanized as Ekaterinburg and formerly known as Sverdlovsk ( ; 1924–1991), is a city and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Ural Federal District, Russia. The ci ...

Samara Samara, formerly known as Kuybyshev (1935–1991), is the largest city and administrative centre of Samara Oblast in Russia. The city is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Samara (Volga), Samara rivers, with a population of over 1.14 ...

Rostov-on-Don Rostov-on-Don is a port city and the administrative centre of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia. It lies in the southeastern part of the East European Plain on the Don River, from the Sea of Azov, directly north of t ...

Sevastopol Sevastopol ( ), sometimes written Sebastopol, is the largest city in Crimea and a major port on the Black Sea. Due to its strategic location and the navigability of the city's harbours, Sevastopol has been an important port and naval base th ...

Kaliningrad Kaliningrad,. known as Königsberg; ; . until 1946, is the largest city and administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast, an Enclave and exclave, exclave of Russia between Lithuania and Poland ( west of the bulk of Russia), located on the Prego ...

Severomorsk Severomorsk (), known as Vayenga () until 18 April 1951, is a closed city, closed types of inhabited localities in Russia, town in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. Severomorsk is the main administrative base of the Russian Northern Fleet. The town is sit ...

Podolsk Podolsk ( rus, Подольск, p=pɐˈdolʲsk) is an industrial city, center of Podolsk Urban Okrug, Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the Pakhra River (a tributary of the Moskva River). Population: History The first mentions of the vill ...

and

Moscow Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents with ...

Notable alumni

Nikolay Anichkov Nikolay Nikolayevich Anichkov (, often spelled ''Anitschkow'' in German literature) (1885, Saint Petersburg – 1964) was a prominent pathologist of Russian heritage. Anichkov first described the specialized myocardial cells (Anitschkow cell, car ...

(1885–1964) *

Boris Babkin Boris Petrovitch Babkin FRS, M.D., D.Sc, LL.D (; 17 January 1877 – 3 May 1950) was a Russian-born physiologist, who worked in Russia, England and Canada. Career Babkin graduated from the Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, w ...

(1877–1950) *

Vladimir Bekhterev Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev ( rus, Влади́мир Миха́йлович Бе́хтерев, p=ˈbʲextʲɪrʲɪf; 20 January 1857 – 24 December 1927) was a Russian neurologist and the father of objective psychology. He is best known fo ...

(1857–1927) *

Peter Borovsky Pyotr Fokich Borovsky (, 8 June 1863 – 15 December 1932) was Russian and Soviet surgeon and public health administrator of who worked in Tashkent, professor of surgery in Tashkent Medical Institute. Borovsky is credited for the first corre ...

(1863–1932) *

Eugene Botkin Yevgeny Sergeyevich Botkin (; 27 March 1865 – 17 July 1918), commonly known as Eugene Botkin, was the court physician since 1908 for Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra. He sometimes treated the Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia f ...

(1865–1918) *

Alexey Bystrow Alexey Petrovich Bystrow, sometimes spelled Alexey Petrovich Bystrov and Aleksei Petrovich Bystrow, (; February 1, 1899 – August 29, 1959) was a Soviet paleontologist, anatomist, and histologist. Biography Born in the village of Tarasov ...

(1899–1959) *

Napoleon Cybulski Napoleon Nikodem Cybulski (Polish pronunciation: ; 14 September 1854 – 26 April 1919) was a Polish physiologist and a pioneer of endocrinology and electroencephalography. In 1895, he isolated and identified adrenaline. He is also known for cond ...

(1854–1919) * Nikolay Gamaleya (1859–1949) *

Ilya Gruzinov Ilya Egorovich Gruzinov (Russian: Илья Егорович Грузинов; 1781 – January 1813) was an Imperial Russian professor of anatomy and physiology at Imperial Moscow University. He discovered in 1812 that the actual source for a dee ...

(1781–1813) *

Alexander Dianin Aleksandr Pavlovich Dianin (; 20 April 1851 – 6 December 1918) was a Russian chemist from Saint Petersburg. He carried out studies on phenols and discovered a phenol derivative now known as bisphenol A and the accordingly named Dianin's compou ...

(1851–1918) *

Alexander Dubrovin Alexander Ivanovich Dubrovin (; April 7, 1855, Kamyshlov – unknown) was a far-right politician in the Russian Empire, a leader of the Union of the Russian People (URP). Biography According to refined data, Dubrovin was born on April 7, 1855 ...

(1855–1921) *

Boris Karvasarsky Boris Dmitrievich Karvasarsky (; 3 February 1931 – 24 September 2013) was a Russian psychiatrist, a disciple of Vladimir Nikolayevich Myasishchev, V. N. Myasishchev. Biography Education Karvasarsky was born in Derazhnia, Ukrainian ...

(1931–2013) *

Oleg Kotov Oleg Valeriyevich Kotov () was born on 27 October 1965 in Simferopol, Crimean oblast in the Ukrainian SSR. After a career as a physician assigned to the Soviet space program, he joined the Russian cosmonaut corps. He has flown three long duratio ...

(1865–1924) * Vasily Kravkov (1859–1920) * Nikolai Kulbin (1868–1917) *

Nikolai Kurochkin Nikolai Stepanovich Kurochkin (Николай Степанович Курочкин, 4 June 1830, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, — 14 December 1884, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire) was a Russian poet, editor, translator ( Arsène Houssaye ...

(1830–1884) *

Peter Lesgaft Peter Franzevich Lesgaft (; 21 September 1837 – 1909) was a Russian teacher, anatomist, physician and social reformer. He was the founder of the modern system of physical education and medical-pedagogical control in physical training, one of foun ...

(1837–1909) * Artur Lossmann (1877–1972) * Alexander Maximow (1874–1928) *

Mamia Orakhelashvili Mamia Orakhelashvili ( ka, მამია ორახელაშვილი, , ''Ivan (Mamia) Dmitrievich Orakhelashvili''; June 10, 1881 – December 11, 1937) was a Georgian Bolshevik and Soviet politician energetically involved in the rev ...

(1881–1937) *

(1882–1958) *

(1845–1901) *

Yevgeny Pavlovsky Yevgeny Nikanorovich Pavlovsky (; 5 March 1884, Biryuch – 27 May 1965, Leningrad) was a Soviet zoologist, entomologist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (1939), the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1944), hono ...

(1884–1965) *

Victor Protopopov Viktor Pavlovych Protopopov (; 22 October 1880, Yurky, Kobelyaksky Uyezd – 30 November 1957, Kyiv) was a Soviet and Ukrainian psychiatrist and academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Being a pupil of Vladimir Bekhterev, Proto ...

(1880–1957) *

Yuri Senkevich Yuri Aleksandrovich Senkevich () (March 4, 1937 in Choibalsan, Mongolia – September 25, 2003 in Moscow, Russia) was a Soviet physician, voyager, scientist, and Candidate of Sciences (PhD equivalent degree). Senkevich became famous in t ...

(1937–2003) *

Christian von Steven Christian von Steven (; 19 January 1781 – 30 April 1863) was a Finnish-born Russian botanist and entomologist. Life Steven was of Swiss descent. At the age of 57 he married a young widow, Marie Karlovna Gartzewitsch (née Hagendorff), ...

(1781–1863) *

Pauls Stradiņš Pauls Stradiņš (17 January 1896 – 14 August 1958) was a Latvian professor, physician, and surgeon who founded the Museum of the History of Medicine in Riga. Early life Stradiņš was born in Eķengrāve () (now Viesīte, Jēkabpils Muni ...

(1896–1958) * Ivan Tarkhanov (1846–1908) *

Andrei Tolubeyev Andrei Yuryevich Tolubeyev (; March 30, 1945 – April 7, 2008) was a Soviet and Russian stage and film actor. People's Artist of the RSFSR (1991). Chairman of the Board of the Union of Theatrical Figures of Russia (1996). He was born and died ...

(1945–2008) * Alexander Vinogradov (1895–1975) *

Vasily Vorontsov Vasilii Pavlovich Vorontsov (Russian: Василий Павлович Воронцов; Pseudonym: V.V., 13 January 1847 – 10 December 1918) was an influential Russian ''narodnik'' economist and sociologist, one of the principal protagonists in t ...

(1847–1918) *

Konrad Wagner Konrad Eduardovich Wagner (rus. Конрад Эдуардович Вагнер, 17 July 1862, Praszka – after 1948, Kalisz) was a Russian-Polish physician, professor of the University of Kiev, University of Moscow, Taurida University of Simfero ...

(1862–1948) *

Jakub Wygodzki Jakub Wygodzki (18561941; , ) was a Polish–Lithuanian Jewish politician, Zionist activist and a medical doctor. He was one of the most prominent Jewish activists in Vilnius (Vilna, Wilno). Educated as a doctor in Russia and Western Europe, he e ...

(1856–1941)

References

External links

* {{Authority control 1798 establishments in the Russian Empire Educational institutions established in 1798 Military academies of Russia Military academies of the Soviet Army Military medicine in Russia Military medicine in the Soviet Union Medical schools in Russia Universities in Saint Petersburg Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Saint Petersburg