Richard Colley Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley, (20 June 1760 – 26 September 1842) was an Anglo-Irish politician and
colonial administrator
Colonialism is a practice or policy of control by one people or power over other people or areas, often by establishing colonies and generally with the aim of economic dominance. In the process of colonisation, colonisers may impose their relig ...
. He was styled as Viscount Wellesley until 1781, when he succeeded his father as 2nd
Earl of Mornington. In 1799, he was granted the
Irish peerage
The Peerage of Ireland consists of those titles of nobility created by the English monarchs in their capacity as Lord or King of Ireland, or later by monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It is one of the five di ...
title of Marquess Wellesley. He was also Lord Wellesley in the
Peerage of Great Britain.
He first made his name as fifth
Governor-General of India
The Governor-General of India (1773–1950, from 1858 to 1947 the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, commonly shortened to Viceroy of India) was the representative of the monarch of the United Kingdom and after Indian independence in 1 ...
between 1798 and 1805. He later served as
Foreign Secretary in the
British Cabinet and as
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. In 1799, his forces invaded
Mysore
Mysore (), officially Mysuru (), is a city in the southern part of the state of Karnataka, India. Mysore city is geographically located between 12° 18′ 26″ north latitude and 76° 38′ 59″ east longitude. It is located at an altitude o ...
and defeated
Tipu, the Sultan of Mysore, in a major battle. He also initiated the
Second Anglo-Maratha War.
He was the eldest son of
The 1st Earl of Mornington, an Irish peer, and Anne, the eldest daughter of
The 1st Viscount Dungannon. His younger brother, Arthur, was
Field Marshal The 1st Duke of Wellington.
Education and early career
Wellesley was born in 1760 in
Dangan Castle in
County Meath
County Meath (; gle, Contae na Mí or simply ) is a county in the Eastern and Midland Region of Ireland, within the province of Leinster. It is bordered by Dublin to the southeast, Louth to the northeast, Kildare to the south, Offaly to the ...
,
Ireland
Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the s ...
, where his family was part of
the Ascendancy
The ''Protestant Ascendancy'', known simply as the ''Ascendancy'', was the political, economic, and social domination of Ireland between the 17th century and the early 20th century by a minority of landowners, Protestant clergy, and members of th ...
, the old
Anglo-Irish aristocracy. He was educated at the
Royal School, Armagh
The Royal School, Armagh is a co-educational voluntary grammar school, founded in the 17th century, in the city of Armagh in Northern Ireland. It has a boarding department with an international intake. It is a member of the Headmasters' and Hea ...
,
Harrow School and
Eton College
Eton College () is a Public school (United Kingdom), public school in Eton, Berkshire, England. It was founded in 1440 by Henry VI of England, Henry VI under the name ''Kynge's College of Our Ladye of Eton besyde Windesore'',Nevill, p. 3 ff. i ...
, where he distinguished himself as a classical scholar, and at
Christ Church, Oxford
Christ Church ( la, Ædes Christi, the temple or house, '' ædēs'', of Christ, and thus sometimes known as "The House") is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. Founded in 1546 by King Henry VIII, the college is uniq ...
. He is one of the few men known to have attended both Harrow and Eton.
In 1780, he entered the
Irish House of Commons as the member for
Trim
Trim or TRIM may refer to:
Cutting
* Cutting or trimming small pieces off something to remove them
** Book trimming, a stage of the publishing process
** Pruning, trimming as a form of pruning often used on trees
Decoration
* Trim (sewing), ...
until the following year when, at his father's death, he became 2nd
Earl of Mornington, taking his seat in the
Irish House of Lords. He was elected Grand Master of the
Grand Lodge of Ireland
The Grand Lodge of Ireland is the second most senior Grand Lodge of Freemasons in the world, and the oldest in continuous existence. Since no specific record of its foundation exists, 1725 is the year celebrated in Grand Lodge anniversaries, a ...
in 1782, a post he held for the following year. Due to the extravagance of his father and grandfather, he found himself so indebted that he was ultimately forced to sell all the Irish estates. However, in 1781, he was appointed to the coveted position of
Custos Rotulorum of Meath.
In 1784, he joined also the
British House of Commons
The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster in London, England.
The House of Commons is an elected body consisting of 65 ...
as member for the
rotten borough of
Bere Alston in Devon. Soon afterwards he was appointed a
Lord of the Treasury by
William Pitt the Younger
William Pitt the Younger (28 May 175923 January 1806) was a British statesman, the youngest and last prime minister of Great Britain (before the Acts of Union 1800) and then first prime minister of the United Kingdom (of Great Britain and Ir ...
.
The 1792 Slave Trade Bill passed the House of Commons mangled and mutilated by the modifications and amendments of
Pitt, Earl of Mornington,
Edward James Eliot
Edward James Eliot (24 August 1758 – 20 September 1797) was an English Member of Parliament.
Life
Eliot was born in Cornwall, the son of Catherine (''c''.1735–1804), daughter and heir of Edward Elliston of Gestingthorpe, Essex, an East Indi ...
and
the Attorney General, it lay for years, in the House of Lords.
In 1793, he became a member of the Board of Control over Indian affairs; and, although he was best known for his speeches in defence of Pitt's foreign policy, he was gaining the acquaintance with Oriental affairs which made his rule over India so effective from the moment when, in 1797, he accepted the office of
Governor-General of India
The Governor-General of India (1773–1950, from 1858 to 1947 the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, commonly shortened to Viceroy of India) was the representative of the monarch of the United Kingdom and after Indian independence in 1 ...
.
Work in India
Mornington seems to have caught Pitt's large political spirit in the period 1798 to 1805. That both had consciously formed the design of expanding their influence in the Indian subcontinent to compensate for the loss of the American colonies is not proven; but the rivalry with France, which in Europe placed Britain at the head of coalition after coalition against the French, made Mornington aware of the necessity of ensuring French power did not reign supreme in India. On the voyage outwards, he formed the design of curbing French influence in the
Deccan. Soon after his arrival, in April 1798, he learned that an alliance was being negotiated between
Tipu Sultan
Tipu Sultan (born Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu, 1 December 1751 – 4 May 1799), also known as the Tiger of Mysore, was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore based in South India. He was a pioneer of rocket artillery.Dalrymple, p. 243 He i ...
and
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
. Mornington resolved to anticipate the action of the Sultan and ordered preparations for war. The first step was to order the disbandment of the French troops entertained by the
Nizam of Hyderabad.
The capture of
Mysore
Mysore (), officially Mysuru (), is a city in the southern part of the state of Karnataka, India. Mysore city is geographically located between 12° 18′ 26″ north latitude and 76° 38′ 59″ east longitude. It is located at an altitude o ...
followed in February 1799, and the campaign was brought to a swift conclusion by the
capture of Seringapatam on 4 May 1799 and the death of Tipu Sultan, who was killed in action. In 1803, the restoration of the
Peshwa
The Peshwa (Pronunciation: e(ː)ʃʋaː was the appointed (later becoming hereditary) prime minister of the Maratha Empire of the Indian subcontinent. Originally, the Peshwas served as subordinates to the Chhatrapati (the Maratha king); later ...
proved the prelude to the
war against
Sindhia and the raja of
Berar, in which his brother
Arthur took a leading role. The result of these wars and of the treaties which followed them was that French influence in India was reduced to
Pondicherry, and that Britain acquired increased influence in the heartlands of central India. He proved to be a skilled administrator, and picked two of his talented brothers for his staff: Arthur was his military adviser, and
Henry was his personal secretary. He founded
Fort William College
Fort William College (also known as the College of Fort William) was an academy of oriental studies and a centre of learning, founded on 18 August 1800 by Lord Wellesley, then Governor-General of British India, located within the Fort William co ...
, a training centre intended for those who would be involved in governing India. In connection with this college, he established the governor-general's office, to which civilians who had shown talent at the college were transferred, in order that they might learn something of the highest statesmanship in the immediate service of their chief. He endeavoured to remove some of the restrictions on the trade between Europe and Asia. He took the time to publish an appreciation of British composer
Harriet Wainwright
Harriet Wainwright Stewart (c. 1766–1843) was a British composer, singer, and writer. A musical entrepreneur, she developed a subscription list of several hundred people and sold at least two of her compositions (''Comala'' and ''Seringapatam'') ...
's opera ''Comala'' in the ''Calcutta Post'' on 27 April 1804.
Both the commercial policy of Wellesley and his educational projects brought him into hostility with the court of directors, and he more than once tendered his resignation, which, however, public necessities led him to postpone till the autumn of 1805. He reached England just in time to see Pitt before his death. He had been created a Peer of Great Britain in 1797 as Baron Wellesley, and in 1799 became Marquess Wellesley in the
Peerage of Ireland. He formed an enormous collection of over 2,500 painted miniatures in the
Company style
Company style, also known as Company painting or Patna painting (Hindi: ''kampani kalam'') is a term for a hybrid Indo-European style of paintings made in India by Indian artists, many of whom worked for European patrons in the East India Company ...
of Indian natural history. A motion by
James Paull (MP) to
impeach Wellesley due to his expulsion of British traders from
Oudh
The Oudh State (, also Kingdom of Awadh, Kingdom of Oudh, or Awadh State) was a princely state in the Awadh region of North India until its annexation by the British in 1856. The name Oudh, now obsolete, was once the anglicized name of ...
was defeated in the House of Commons by 182 votes to 31 in 1808.
Mornington also disapproved of liaisons between Company officials and soldiers and locals, seeing them as improper.
Napoleonic Wars
On the fall of the coalition ministry in 1807, Wellesley was invited by
George III
George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Br ...
to join the
Duke of Portland's cabinet, but he declined, pending the discussion in parliament of certain charges brought against him in respect of his Indian administration. Resolutions condemning him for the abuse of power were moved in both the Lords and Commons but defeated by large majorities.
In 1809, Wellesley was appointed ambassador to Spain. He landed at
Cádiz
Cádiz (, , ) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the Province of Cádiz, one of eight that make up the autonomous community of Andalusia.
Cádiz, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Western Europe, ...
just after the
Battle of Talavera, and tried unsuccessfully to bring the Spanish government into effective co-operation with his brother, who, through the failure of his allies, had been forced to retreat into
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of th ...
. A few months later, after the duel between
George Canning and
Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, and the resignation of both, Wellesley accepted the post of
Foreign Secretary in
Spencer Perceval's cabinet. Unlike his brother Arthur, he was an eloquent speaker, but was subject to inexplicable "black-outs" when he was apparently unaware of his surroundings.
He held this office until February 1812, when he retired, partly from dissatisfaction at the inadequate support given to Wellington by the ministry, but also because he had become convinced that the question of
Catholic emancipation
Catholic emancipation or Catholic relief was a process in the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, and later the combined United Kingdom in the late 18th century and early 19th century, that involved reducing and removing many of the restricti ...
could no longer be kept in the background. From early life, Wellesley had, like his brother Arthur, been an advocate of Catholic emancipation, and with the claim of the Irish Catholics to justice, he henceforward identified himself. On
Perceval's assassination he, along with Canning, refused to join
Lord Liverpool's administration, and he remained out of office till 1821, criticising with severity the proceedings of the
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna (, ) of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon ...
and the European settlement of 1814, which, while it reduced France to its ancient limits, left to the other great powers the territory that they had acquired by the
Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 12 ...
and the destruction of the
Republic of Venice
The Republic of Venice ( vec, Repùblega de Venèsia) or Venetian Republic ( vec, Repùblega Vèneta, links=no), traditionally known as La Serenissima ( en, Most Serene Republic of Venice, italics=yes; vec, Serenìsima Repùblega de Venèsia ...
. He was one of the peers who signed the protest against the enactment of the
Corn Laws in 1815. His reputation never fully recovered from a fiasco in 1812 when he was expected to make a crucial speech denouncing the new Government, but suffered one of his notorious "black-outs" and sat motionless in his place.
Family life
Wellesley lived together for many years with
Hyacinthe-Gabrielle Roland, an actress at the
Palais Royal. She had three sons and two daughters with Wellesley before he married her on 29 November 1794. He moved her to London, where Hyacinthe was generally miserable, as she never learned English and she was scorned by high society:
Lady Caroline Lamb was warned by her mother-in-law,
Elizabeth Milbanke, a noted judge of what was socially acceptable, that no respectable woman could afford to be seen in Hyacinthe's company.
Their children were:
*
Richard Wellesley (1787–1831), a member of parliament
*
Anne Wellesley (1788–1875), who married firstly
Sir William Abdy, 7th Baronet
Sir William Abdy, 7th Baronet (1779 – 16 April 1868) was a British politician and baronet.
Background
Born in Marylebone, he was the only son of Sir William Abdy, 6th Baronet, and his wife Mary Gordon, daughter of James Gordon. In 1803, he succ ...
, and secondly Lieutenant-Colonel
Lord Charles Bentinck (ancestor of Queen Elizabeth II)
* Hyacinthe Mary Wellesley (1789–1849), who married
Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Hatherton
Edward John Littleton, 1st Baron Hatherton PC, FRS (18 March 17914 May 1863), was a British politician from the extended Littleton/Lyttelton family, of first the Canningite Tories and later the Whigs. He had a long political career, active ...
* Gerald Wellesley (1792–1833), who served as the East India Company's resident at
Indore
Indore () is the largest and most populous city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It serves as the headquarters of both Indore District and Indore Division. It is also considered as an education hub of the state and is the only city to ...
.
* The Rev.
Henry Wellesley (1794–1866)
Henry Wellesley was a British scholar, who held senior positions at Oxford University, and who is remembered for authoring several books.
Life
He was the fifth and last child of Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley and Hyacinthe-Gabrielle ...
, Principal of
New Inn Hall, Oxford.
Through his eldest daughter Lady Charles Bentinck, Wellesley was a great-great-great-grandfather to
Queen Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
.
Wellesley also had at least two other illegitimate sons by his teenage mistress, Elizabeth Johnston, including Edward (later his father's secretary), born in Middlesex (1796-1877). Wellesley's children were seen by Richard's other relatives, including his brother Arthur, as greedy, unattractive and cunning, and as exercising an unhealthy influence over their father; in the family circle they were nicknamed "The Parasites".
Following his first wife's death in 1816, he married, on 29 October 1825, the widowed
Marianne (Caton) Patterson (died 1853), whose mother Mary was the daughter of
Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the last surviving signatory of the
United States Declaration of Independence
The United States Declaration of Independence, formally The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen States of America, is the pronouncement and founding document adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at Pennsylvania State House ( ...
; her former sister-in-law was
Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte. Wellington, who was very fond of Marianne (rumour had it that they were lovers) and was then on rather bad terms with his brother, pleaded with her not to marry him, warning her in particular that "The Parasites", (Richard's children by Hyacinthe) would see her as an enemy. The Duke's concern seems to have been misplaced; they had no children, but the marriage was a relatively happy one - "much of the calm and sunshine of his old age can be attributed to Marianne".
Ireland and later life
In 1821, he was appointed
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Catholic emancipation had now become an open question in the cabinet, and Wellesley's acceptance of the viceroyalty was believed in Ireland to herald the immediate settlement of the Catholic claims but they would remain unfulfilled. Some efforts were made to placate Catholic opinion, notably the dismissal of the long-serving
Attorney-General for Ireland,
William Saurin
William Saurin (1757 – 11 February 1839) was an Irish barrister, Crown official and politician. He was Attorney-General for Ireland from 1807 to 1822, and for much of that period, he acted as the effective head of the Irish Government. He was ...
, whose anti-Catholic views had made him bitterly unpopular. Lord Liverpool died without having grappled with the problem. His successor Canning died only a few months after taking up office as Prime Minister, to be succeeded briefly by
Lord Goderich
Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon, (1 November 1782 – 28 January 1859), styled The Honourable F. J. Robinson until 1827 and known between 1827 and 1833 as The Viscount Goderich (pronounced ), the name by which he is best known to ...
.
On the assumption of office by Wellington, his brother resigned the lord-lieutenancy. He is said to have been deeply hurt by his brother's failure to find a Cabinet position for him (Arthur made the usual excuse that one cannot give a Cabinet seat to everyone who wants one). He had, however, the satisfaction of seeing the Catholic claims settled in the next year by the very statesmen who had declared against them. In 1833, he resumed the office of Lord Lieutenant under
Earl Grey, but the ministry soon fell, and, with one short exception, Wellesley did not take any further part in official life.
Death
On his death, he had no successor in the marquessate, but the earldom of Mornington and minor honours devolved on his brother
William, Lord Maryborough, on the failure of whose issue in 1863 they fell to the 2nd Duke of Wellington.
He and Arthur, after a long estrangement, had been once more on friendly terms for some years: Arthur wept at the funeral and said that he knew of no honour greater than being Lord Wellesley's brother.
Wellesley was buried in
Eton College Chapel, at his old school.
Legacy
The
Township of Wellesley, in
Ontario
Ontario ( ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada, but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada. Located in Central Ca ...
, Canada, was named in Richard Wellesley's honour, despite the many references (e.g.:
Waterloo,
Wellington County) to his brother, Arthur Wellesley in the surrounding area, as was
Wellesley Island, located in the St. Lawrence river at Alexandria Bay. Wellesley Island also serves as the last point exiting the United States before crossing to Hill Island, in Canada.
Province Wellesley, in the state of
Penang, Malaysia, was named after Richard Wellesley. It was originally part of the state of
Kedah. It was ceded to the
British East India Company
The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and South ...
by the
Sultan of Kedah
The Kedah Sultanate (كسلطانن قدح) is a Muslim dynasty located in the Malay Peninsula. It was originally an independent state, but became a British protectorate in 1909. Its monarchy was abolished after it was added to the Malayan Un ...
in 1798, and has been part of the settlement and state of Penang ever since. It was renamed ''Seberang Perai'' ("across the
Perai
Perai is an urban settlement in the city of Seberang Perai, Penang, Malaysia. It lies at the southern bank of the Perai River and borders Butterworth to the north. Perai gave its name to the city of Seberang Perai, the mainland half of the State ...
" in the
Malay language
Malay (; ms, Bahasa Melayu, links=no, Jawi: , Rencong: ) is an Austronesian language that is an official language of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, and that is also spoken in East Timor and parts of the Philippines an ...
) not long after independence within Malaya.
The
Wellesley Islands off the north coast of
Queensland
)
, nickname = Sunshine State
, image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = Australia
, established_title = Before federation
, establishe ...
, Australia, were named by
Matthew Flinders
Captain Matthew Flinders (16 March 1774 – 19 July 1814) was a British navigator and cartographer who led the first inshore circumnavigation of mainland Australia, then called New Holland. He is also credited as being the first person to ut ...
in honour of Richard Wellesley, as was the largest island in the group,
Mornington Island. Flinders is believed to have done this during his imprisonment by the French on
Mauritius Island
Mauritius ( ; french: Maurice, link=no ; mfe, label= Mauritian Creole, Moris ), officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar. It inc ...
as Wellesley had tried to secure his release.
Mornington Peninsula, south of Melbourne, was named after him.
As of the summer of 2007, a portrait of Marquess Wellesley hangs in the Throne Room at
Buckingham Palace.
Ancestry
Arms
Notes
References
*
Bibliography
* Butler, Iris. ''The Eldest Brother: the Marquess Wellesley 1760-1842''. London:
Hodder and Stoughton
Hodder & Stoughton is a British publishing house, now an imprint of Hachette.
History
Early history
The firm has its origins in the 1840s, with Matthew Hodder's employment, aged 14, with Messrs Jackson and Walford, the official publish ...
, 1973.
*
*
Ingram, Edward, ed. ''Two Views of British India: The Private Correspondence of Mr. Dundas and Lord Wellesley, 1798–1801''. Bath: Adams and Dart, 1970.
*
*
Martin, Robert Montgomery, ed. ''The Despatches, Minutes & Correspondence of the Marquess Wellesley During His Administration in India''. 5 vols. London: 1836–37.
* Pearce, Robert Rouiere. ''Memoirs and Correspondence of the Most Noble Richard Marquess Wellesley.'' 3 vols. London: 1846.
* Renick, M. S. ''Lord Wellesley and the Indian States''. Agra: Arvind Vivek Prakashan, 1987.
* Roberts, P. E. ''India Under Wellesley''. London:
George Bell & Sons
George Bell & Sons was a book publishing house located in London, United Kingdom, from 1839 to 1986.
History
George Bell & Sons was founded by George Bell as an educational bookseller, with the intention of selling the output of London un ...
, 1929.
*
*
Torrens, William McCullagh. ''The Marquess Wellesley: Architect of Empire.'' London:
Chatto and Windus
Chatto & Windus is an imprint of Penguin Random House that was formerly an independent book publishing company founded in London in 1855 by John Camden Hotten. Following Hotten's death, the firm would reorganize under the names of his business ...
, 1880.
*
*
Further reading
*
External links
HolisticThought.com is for sale
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