rōnin

In feudal Japan to early modern Japan (1185–1868), a ''rōnin'' ( ; , , 'drifter' or 'wandering man', ) was a samurai who had no lord or master and in some cases, had also severed all links with his family or clan. A samurai became a ''rōnin'' upon the death of his master, or after the loss of his master's favor or legal privilege.Stephane Lun (2021). ''A Guide on Shinsengumi: the background and management.''

In modern Japanese, the term is usually used to describe a salaryman who is unemployed or a secondary school graduate who has not yet been admitted to university.

Etymology

The word ''rōnin'' is usually translated to 'drifter' or 'wanderer'; however, per kanji, means "wave" as on the water, as well as "unrestrained, dissolute", while means "person". It is an idiomatic expression for 'vagrant' or 'wanderer', someone who does not belong to one place. The term originated in the Nara and Heian periods, when it referred to a serf who had fled or deserted his master's land. It later came to be used for a samurai who had no master. In medieval times, the ronin were depicted as the shadows of samurai, master-less and not honorable.

Status

According to the '' Bushido Shoshinshu'' (the "Code of the Warrior"), a samurai was supposed to commit '' seppuku'' (also ''harakiri'', "belly cutting", a form of ritual suicide) upon the loss of his master. One who chose not to honor the code was "on his own" and was meant to suffer great shame. The undesirability of ''rōnin'' status was mainly a discrimination imposed by other samurai and by ''daimyō'', the feudal lords.

Like other samurai, ''rōnin'' wore two swords. ''Rōnin'' used a variety of other weapons as well. Some ''rōnin''—usually those who lacked money—would carry a '' bō'' (staff around ) or '' jō'' (smaller staff or walking stick around ) or a '' yumi'' (bow). Most weapons would reflect the '' ryū'' (martial arts school) from which they came if they were students.

During the Edo period, with the shogunate's rigid class system and laws, the number of ''rōnin'' greatly increased; confiscation of fiefs during the rule of the third Tokugawa shōgun Iemitsu resulted in an especially large increase of their number. During previous ages, samurai were able to move between masters and even between occupations. They could also marry between classes. However, during the Edo period, samurai were restricted, and were—above all—forbidden to become employed by another master without their previous master's permission.

Because the former samurai could not legally take up a new trade, or because of pride were loath to do so, many ''rōnin'' looked for other ways to make a living with their swords. Those ''rōnin'' who desired steady, legal employment became mercenaries that guarded trade caravans, or bodyguards for wealthy merchants. Many other ''rōnin'' became criminals, operating as bandits and highwaymen, or joining organized crime in towns and cities. ''Rōnin'' were known to operate or serve as hired muscle for gangs that ran gambling rings, brothels, protection rackets, and similar activities. Many were petty thieves and muggers. The criminal segment gave the ''rōnin'' of the Edo period a persistent reputation of disgrace, with an image of thugs, bullies, cutthroats, and wandering vagrants. After the abolition of the Samurai, some of the ronin continued with their thuggery and their mercenary work and activities, such as participating in the infamous assassination of Korean Empress Myeongseong of the Joseon Dynasty in 1895, the Eulmi Incident.

History

Until the Sengoku period, peasants accounted for the majority of ''daimyō'' armies, so they accounted for the majority of ronin.

Especially in the Sengoku period, ''daimyō'' needed additional fighting men, and even if a master had perished, his ''rōnin'' was able to serve new lords. In contrast to the later Edo period, the bond between the lord and the vassal was loose, and some vassals who were dissatisfied with their treatment left their masters and sought new lords. Many warriors served a succession of masters, and some even became ''daimyō''. As an example, Tōdō Takatora served ten lords. Additionally, the division of the population into classes had not yet taken place, so it was possible to change one's occupation from warrior to merchant or farmer, or the reverse. Saitō Dōsan was one merchant who rose through the warrior ranks to become a ''daimyō''.

As Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified progressively more significant parts of the country, ''daimyō'' found it unnecessary to recruit new soldiers. The Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 resulted in the confiscation or reduction of the fiefs of large numbers of ''daimyō'' on the losing side; consequently, many samurai became ''rōnin''. As many as a hundred thousand ''rōnin'' joined forces with Toyotomi Hideyori and fought at the Siege of Osaka. In the ensuing years of peace, there was less need to maintain expensive standing armies, and many surviving ''rōnin'' turned to farms or became townspeople. A few, such as Yamada Nagamasa, sought adventure overseas as mercenaries. Still, the majority lived in poverty as ''rōnin''. Their number approached half a million under the third Tokugawa shōgun Iemitsu.

Initially, the shogunate viewed them as dangerous and banished them from the cities or restricted the quarters where they could live. They also prohibited serving new masters. As ''rōnin'' found fewer options, they joined in the Keian Uprising of 1651. This forced the shogunate to rethink its policy. It relaxed restrictions on ''daimyō'' inheritance, resulting in fewer confiscations of fiefs, and it permitted ''rōnin'' to join new masters.

Not having the status or power of employed samurai, ''rōnin'' were often disreputable and festive, the group targeted humiliation or satire. It was undesirable to be a ''rōnin'', as it meant being without a stipend or land. As an indication of the shame felt by samurai who became ''rōnin'', Lord Redesdale recorded that a ''rōnin'' killed himself at the graves of the forty-seven ''rōnin''. He left a note saying that he had tried to enter the service of the ''daimyō'' of Chōshū Domain but was refused. He killed himself, wanting to serve no other master and hating being a ''rōnin''. On the other hand, the famous 18th-century writer Kyokutei Bakin renounced his allegiance to Matsudaira Nobunari, in whose service Bakin's samurai father had spent his life. Bakin voluntarily became a ''rōnin'', and eventually spent his time writing books (many of them about samurai) and engaging in festivities.

In the 19th century, Emperor Meiji abolished the Samurai class and any status the ronin had died with them.

Notable rōnin

* Forty-seven Rōnin
* Kyokutei Bakin
* Miyamoto Musashi
* Sakamoto Ryōma
* Yamada Nagamasa

Portrayals in media

Numerous modern works of Japanese fiction set in the Edo period cast characters who are ''rōnin''.

Comics

* The moniker Ronin has often appeared in Marvel Universe comic series, and has been used by many characters such as Echo (Maya Lopez) and Hawkeye (Clint Barton).
* Usagi Yojimbo depicts an anthropomorphic rabbit rōnin main character, Miyamoto Usagi, whom Stan Sakai based partially on the famous swordsman Miyamoto Musashi.

Film

* ''Rōnin'' are often depicted in the ''jidaigeki'' of Akira Kurosawa, in particular ''Yojimbo'', '' Sanjuro'' and ''Seven Samurai''.
** The 1954 film ''Seven Samurai'' follows the story of a village of farmers that hire seven rōnin to combat bandits who will return after the harvest to steal their crops.
** The 1961 film ''Yojimbo'' tells the story of a rōnin who arrives in a small town where competing crime lords vie for supremacy. The two bosses each try to hire the newcomer as a bodyguard. The film inspired the Spaghetti Western films ''A Fistful of Dollars'' and '' Django'', and spawned the 1962 sequel '' Sanjuro''.
* The 1962 film '' Harakiri'' is set in Edo period of early 17th century Japan, and concerns two Ronin who present themselves at the palace of the Ii clan to request permission to commit ritual suicide.
* The 1998 film '' Ronin'' portrays former special forces and intelligence operatives who find themselves unemployed at the end of the Cold War. Devoid of purpose, they become high-paid mercenaries. There is also a direct comparison of the characters to the forty-seven ''rōnin''.
* The film '' 47 Ronin'' is a 2013 Japanese-American fantasy action film depicting a fictional account of the forty-seven ''rōnin''.
* The 2015 film, titled '' Last Knights'', is a more stylized version of the story of the forty-seven ''rōnin'', a joint production among the UK, Czech Republic and South Korea.

Television

* In the manga and anime ''Rurouni Kenshin'', the ''hitokiri'' Himura Kenshin becomes a ''rōnin'' after the end of the Edo period, wandering for ten years in order to mend his sins and to complete the restoration.
* Samurai Jack, the protagonist of the eponymous animated television series, is technically a ''rōnin'' because he serves no master and is mostly seen wandering the land, searching for a resolution to his quest to defeat his nemesis, the shapeshifting master of darkness, Aku, after the latter opens a time portal that sends Jack into a future where Aku reigns supreme.
* In the 2004 anime series '' Samurai Champloo'', one of the protagonists is the ''rōnin'' Jin. Along with the vagrant swordsman Mugen, he accompanies a young girl named Fuu on a quest to find the "samurai who smells of sunflowers".
* In the 2023 anime series '' Revenger'', the protagonist becomes a ''rōnin'' after a meeting with a shadowy organization following an assassination attempt.

Video games

* The main character in each game of the '' Way of the Samurai'' series is always an archetypal ronin who wanders into the setting one day and must choose a faction to work with or find a way to unite them against a greater foe.
* The 2020 video game ''Ghost of Tsushima'' features many ''rōnin'' as part of the story, including Ryuzo ( Leonard Wu), the childhood friend of the protagonist Jin Sakai.
* In the 2020 video game ''Genshin Impact'', the first playable character from the nation of Inazuma, Kaedehara Kazuha, became a rōnin not too long before the game's events.
* The 2023 video game '' Honkai: Star Rail'' features Acheron, a ''rōnin'' from the fallen planet of Izumo, as a playable character starting from version 2.1.
* The protagonist of the 2024 video game '' Rise of the Rōnin'' is a ''rōnin'' navigating the tumultuous period of 19th-century Japan, making pivotal choices that influence the nation's future.

See also

* Gonin Gumi – groups of households which united for collective protection against rōnin
* Japanese holdout
* Knight-errant, a similar figure in western literature
* Shinsengumi
* Youxia

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ronin
Samurai
Japanese warriors