Ryah Ludins (1896–1957) was a Ukrainian-born American muralist, painter, printmaker, art teacher, and writer. She made

mural A mural is any piece of Graphic arts, graphic artwork that is painted or applied directly to a wall, ceiling or other permanent substrate. Mural techniques include fresco, mosaic, graffiti and marouflage. Word mural in art The word ''mural'' ...

s for post offices and other government buildings during the

Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and ...

and also obtained commissions for murals from Mexican authorities and an industrial concern. Unusually versatile in her technique, she made murals in

fresco Fresco ( or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting become ...

mixed media In visual art, mixed media describes work of art, artwork in which more than one Art medium, medium or material has been employed. Assemblages, collages, and sculpture are three common examples of art using different List of art media, media. M ...

, and wood

relief Relief is a sculpture, sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term ''wikt:relief, relief'' is from the Latin verb , to raise (). To create a sculpture in relief is to give ...

, as well as on canvas and dry plaster. She exhibited her paintings widely but became better known as a printmaker after prints such as "Cassis" (1928) and "Bombing" (about 1944) drew favorable notice from critics. She taught art in academic settings and privately, wrote and illustrated a children's book, and contributed an article to a radical left-wing art magazine. A career spanning more than three decades ended when she succumbed to a long illness in the late 1950s.

Early life and education

Born in Ukraine, Ludins came to New York City aged eight in 1904 and spent most of the rest of her life in the city. After graduating from high school she enrolled in

Columbia Teachers College Teachers College, Columbia University (TC) is the graduate school of education affiliated with Columbia University, a private research university in New York City. Founded in 1887, Teachers College has been a part of Columbia University since ...

in 1920, intending to take up art education as her career. While studying there, she received an honorable-mention award in an exhibition of

textile design Textile design, also known as textile geometry, is the creative and technical process by which thread or yarn fibers are interlaced to form a piece of Textile, cloth or Textile, fabric, which is subsequently printed upon or otherwise adorned. Texti ...

held at a Manhattan gallery devoted to the

applied arts The applied arts are all the arts that apply design and decoration to everyday and essentially practical objects in order to make them aesthetically pleasing."Applied art" in ''The Oxford Dictionary of Art''. Online edition. Oxford Univ ...

called the Art Alliance of America. A year later, having earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Fine Arts and Fine Arts Education, she began studies at the

Art Students League of New York The Art Students League of New York is an art school in the American Fine Arts Society in Manhattan, New York City. The Arts Students League is known for its broad appeal to both amateurs and professional artists. Although artists may study f ...

where she took

life Life, also known as biota, refers to matter that has biological processes, such as Cell signaling, signaling and self-sustaining processes. It is defined descriptively by the capacity for homeostasis, Structure#Biological, organisation, met ...

classes from

Kenneth Hayes Miller Kenneth Hayes Miller (March 11, 1876 – January 1, 1952) was an American painter, printmaker, and teacher. Career Born in Oneida, New York, he studied at the Art Students League of New York with Kenyon Cox, Henry Siddons Mowbray and with Willia ...

. In 1925 she embarked on travels that took her first to Paris, where she studied with

André Lhote André Lhote (5 July 1885 – 24 January 1962) was a French Cubist painter of figure subjects, portraits, landscapes, and still life. He was also active and influential as a teacher and writer on art. Early life and education Lhote was bor ...

, and then to

Mexico City Mexico City is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Mexico, largest city of Mexico, as well as the List of North American cities by population, most populous city in North America. It is one of the most important cultural and finan ...

where she took classes at the National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico. During World War II Ludins studied printmaking under William Hayter at his

Atelier 17 Atelier 17 was an art school and studio that was influential in the teaching and promotion of printmaking in the 20th century. Originally located in Paris, the studio relocated to New York City during the years surrounding World War II. It moved ...

, then located in Manhattan.

Career in art

Ludins' career in art extended for more than three decades from 1922 to a time close to her death in 1957. During those years, she taught art both in academic settings and privately; she painted canvases and made prints that received warm critical reception; and became a well-known muralist, using both painting and relief methods. She exhibited in New York galleries, including the Morton, Milch,

Downtown ''Downtown'' is a term primarily used in American and Canadian English to refer to a city's sometimes commercial, cultural and often the historical, political, and geographic heart. It is often synonymous with its central business district ( ...

, and Willard, as well as the

Museum of Modern Art The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street (Manhattan), 53rd Street between Fifth Avenue, Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA's collection spans the late 19th century to the present, a ...

, the

Whitney Museum The Whitney Museum of American Art, known informally as "The Whitney", is a Modern art, modern and Contemporary art, contemporary American art museum located in the Meatpacking District, Manhattan, Meatpacking District and West Village neighbor ...

, the

National Academy of Design The National Academy of Design is an honorary association of American artists, founded in New York City in 1825 by Samuel Morse, Asher Durand, Thomas Cole, Frederick Styles Agate, Martin E. Thompson, Charles Cushing Wright, Ithiel Town, an ...

, and the

Art Institute of Chicago The Art Institute of Chicago, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the United States. The museum is based in the Art Institute of Chicago Building in Chicago's Grant Park (Chicago), Grant Park. Its collection, stewa ...

. She held memberships in the New York Artists Equity Association and

American Artists' Congress The American Artists' Congress (AAC) was an organization founded in February 1936 as part of the popular front of the Communist Party USA as a vehicle for uniting graphic artists in projects helping to combat the spread of fascism. During World W ...

as well as the Mural Artists Guild and the

National Society of Mural Painters The National Society of Mural Painters (NSMP) is an American artists' organization originally known as The Mural Painters. The charter of the society is to advance the techniques and standards for the design and execution of mural art for the e ...

. In 1938, a newspaper columnist included her in a list of nine women said to have achieved outstanding success in the arts. For much of her career, Ludins lived and worked in Manhattan's

Chelsea Hotel The Hotel Chelsea (also known as the Chelsea Hotel and the Chelsea) is a hotel at 222 West 23rd Street (Manhattan), 23rd Street in the Chelsea, Manhattan, Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Built between 1883 and 1884, the hot ...

during the colder months and spent her summers in a studio at her parents' home in

Putnam Valley, New York Putnam Valley is a town in Putnam County, New York, United States. The population was 11,762 at the 2020 census.US Census Bureau, 2020 Census Results, Putnam Valley town, Putnam County, New York QuickFacts https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/putna ...

Art instructor

Immediately after graduating from Columbia Teachers College in 1922, Ludins took a position teaching elements and principles of design in the Department of Home Economics at the North Carolina College for Women, Greensboro. After returning from her European travels in the mid-1920s, she began teaching in summer sessions of Columbia Teachers College in a sequence of appointments that ended with the session for 1938. In 1932, she also served as an art instructor in the College of Education of

Ohio University Ohio University (Ohio or OU) is a Public university, public research university with its main campus in Athens, Ohio, United States. The university was first conceived in the 1787 contract between the United States Department of the Treasury#Re ...

. Later in her life, up to the time when a long illness brought the practice to an end, she gave private lessons to a few students at a time in her

studio apartment.

Painter and printmaker

After turning from art instruction as her primary career, Ludins became a professional painter and printmaker. In 1928, she made a drawing of a street in Provincetown, Massachusetts, (shown above) which shows her ability at this early stage in her career as artist. A year later, she made a lithograph of Cassis, a town in southern France (shown above) which shows her skill as printmaker. In 1929, she showed

oils An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is composed primarily of hydrocarbons and is hydrophobic (does not mix with water) and lipophilic (mixes with other oils). Oils are usually flammable and surface active. Most oils are unsaturat ...

in a group exhibition of forty artists at the Morton Galleries in Manhattan and a year later showed watercolors in a group exhibition at the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh. Beginning in 1930, she participated in group shows of prints. That year, she had a print called "Cassis" selected in an exhibition sponsored by the

American Institute of Graphic Arts The American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA) is a professional organization for design. Its members practice all forms of communication design, including graphic design, typography, interaction design, user experience, branding and identity. The ...

. Called "Fifty Prints of the Year", the show was the fifth in an irregular series that extended from 1925 into the late 1930s. A well-known artist,

John Sloan John French Sloan (August 2, 1871 – September 7, 1951) was an American painter and etcher. He is considered to be one of the founders of the Ashcan school of American art. He was also a member of the group known as The Eight (Ashcan School), T ...

, was responsible for selecting prints. In addition to "Cassis", he selected works by Stuart Davis,

Morris Kantor Morris Kantor () (1896–1974) was a Russian-born American painter based in the New York City area. Life Born in Minsk on April 15, 1896, Kantor was brought to the United States in 1906 at age 10, in order to join his father who had previously ...

Raphael Soyer Raphael Zalman Soyer (December 25, 1899 – November 4, 1987) was a Russian-born American painter, draftsman, and printmaker. Soyer was referred to as an American scene painter. He is identified as a Social Realist because of his interest in ...

Max Weber Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (; ; 21 April 186414 June 1920) was a German Sociology, sociologist, historian, jurist, and political economy, political economist who was one of the central figures in the development of sociology and the social sc ...

, and others. Early in 1931, she showed block prints in a group exhibition at the

Philadelphia Print Club Philadelphia ( ), colloquially referred to as Philly, is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania, most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the List of United States cities by population, sixth-most populous city in the Unit ...

and later that year she showed lithographs in another group at the Art Institute of Chicago. In 1937, on her return from extensive travels in Mexico, she made an etching called "Mexican Village" (shown above) which shows her ability in that medium. In 1945, another etching, this one called "Bombing" (shown above), attracted attention. It was shown that year in the 30th annual exhibition by the Society of American Etchers held at the National Academy of Design and also at the Willard Gallery in Manhattan and then, in 1947, at the

Leicester Galleries Leicester Galleries was an art gallery located in London from 1902 to 1977 that held exhibitions of modern British, French and international artists' works. Its name was acquired in 1984 by Peter Nahum, who operates "Peter Nahum at the Leiceste ...

in London.

Muralist

Having had an interest in making murals from an early age, Ludins observed examples of the

muralist A mural is any piece of Graphic arts, graphic artwork that is painted or applied directly to a wall, ceiling or other permanent substrate. Mural techniques include fresco, mosaic, graffiti and marouflage. Word mural in art The word ''mural'' ...

movement in Mexico City during travels in the late 1920s. With a referral from

Diego Rivera Diego Rivera (; December 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957) was a Mexican painter. His large frescoes helped establish the Mexican muralism, mural movement in Mexican art, Mexican and international art. Between 1922 and 1953, Rivera painted mural ...

in hand, she returned to Mexico in 1933 to become an assistant to the Mexican-American muralist,

Pablo O'Higgins Pablo Esteban O'Higgins (born Paul Higgins Stevenson; March 1, 1904 - July 16, 1983) was an American-Mexican artist, muralist and illustrator. Early life and education Born in Salt Lake City, Utah, O'Higgins was raised there and in San Diego, ...

. 'Higgins taught her the fresco technique of mural making and helped her get her first mural commission. This was a work for the official newspaper of the political party that controlled Mexico from 1929 to 2000. The commission led to others, including, in 1934, a fresco called "Modern Industry" for the State Museum at

Morelia Morelia (; from 1545 to 1828 known as Valladolid; Otomi language, Otomi: ) is a city and municipal seat of the municipalities of Mexico, municipality of Morelia in the north-central part of the state of Michoacán in central Mexico. It is both th ...

. A photo of what is probably this fresco is shown above. In 1935 she returned to New York from Mexico began work in the

Federal Arts Project The Federal Art Project (1935–1943) was a New Deal program to fund the visual arts in the United States. Under national director Holger Cahill, it was one of five Federal Project Number One projects sponsored by the Works Progress Administrati ...

, serving, at various times, as artist, senior artist, or supervisor. Over the succeeding eight years, she designed seven murals of which four were completed. One of these was a fresco called "Recreational Grounds of New York City" that she made for the men's recreation room of New York's

Bellevue Hospital Bellevue Hospital (officially NYC Health + Hospitals/Bellevue and formerly known as Bellevue Hospital Center) is a hospital in New York City and the oldest public hospital in the United States. One of the largest hospitals in the United States ...

(1939). A photo of this fresco is shown above. Other Federal Arts Project murals by her include "New York Harbor" (made in wood

intarsia Intarsia is a form of wood inlaying that is similar to marquetry. The practice dates from before the seventh century AD. The technique inserts sections of wood (at times with contrasting ivory or bone, or mother-of-pearl) within the solid wood ...

, location unknown). In 1941 she was runner up in Federal Arts Project competitions for two projects in New York City and one in Washington, D.C. As well as working for the Federal Arts Project, Ludins was employed by the

Section of Fine Arts Section, Sectioning, or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sig ...

, then part of the U.S. Treasury Department and later a component of the

Federal Works Agency The Federal Works Agency (FWA) was an Regulatory agency, independent agency of the federal government of the United States which administered a number of public construction, building maintenance, and public works relief functions and laws from 1939 ...

. As a member of the Section of Fine Arts, she completed two

post office murals United States post office murals are notable examples of New Deal art produced during the years 1934–1943. They were commissioned through a competitive process by the United States Department of the Treasury. Some 1,400 murals were created f ...

. The first, called "Cement Industry" is located in

Nazareth, Pennsylvania Nazareth is a Borough (Pennsylvania), borough in Northampton County, Pennsylvania, United States. The borough's population was 6,053 at the 2020 census. Nazareth is part of the Lehigh Valley metropolitan area, which had a population of 861,899 a ...

(1938, oil on dry plaster, shown above). The second, called "Valley of the Seven Hills" is located in

Cortland, New York Cortland is a city and the county seat of Cortland County, New York, United States. Known as the Crown City, Cortland is in New York's Southern Tier region. As of 2024, the estimated population of Cortland, New York, is 17,196, reflecting a dec ...

(1943, painted wood relief, also shown above). Also in the late 1930s, Ludins joined with architects, landscape designers, mural painters, and sculptors in an informal collaborative to design buildings for the

1939 New York World's Fair The 1939 New York World's Fair (also known as the 1939–1940 New York World's Fair) was an world's fair, international exposition at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City, New York, United States. The fair included exhibitio ...

. Two years later, as the opening date of the World's Fair drew near, she joined other Federal Art Project muralists in preparing works for the

Works Progress Administration The Works Progress Administration (WPA; from 1935 to 1939, then known as the Work Projects Administration from 1939 to 1943) was an American New Deal agency that employed millions of jobseekers (mostly men who were not formally educated) to car ...

community building. The group was led by

Anton Refregier Anton Refregier (March 20, 1905 – October 10, 1979) was a painter and muralist active in Works Progress Administration Federal Art Project commissions, and in teaching art. He was a Russian immigrant to the United States. Among his best-k ...

and, in addition to Ludins, it included

Philip Guston Philip Guston (born Phillip Goldstein, June 27, 1913 – June 7, 1980) was a Canadian American painter, printmaker, muralist and draftsman. "Guston worked in a number of artistic modes, from Renaissance-inspired figuration to formally accomplis ...

, Eric Mose, and Seymour Fogel. Ludins' mural was a wood relief called "Recreational Activities". In 1937 Ludins exhibited with other Federal Art Project muralists in an exhibition at New York's Museum of Modern Art and three years later she showed at the Whitney Museum with other members of the National Society of Mural Painters. In 1953, she made her last mural. Called "Steel", it was a commission from the J.B. Kendal Steel Company in Washington, D.C.1953 mural for a steel company.

Artistic style

Ludins produced oil paintings on canvas, watercolors, lithographs, and etchings. She made murals via oil on canvas, oil on plaster, fresco, mixed media, and painted wooden relief. She was not known for portraiture, but rather for village and harbor scenes, pictures showing groups of people at work and play, and industrial subjects. Her compositions were seen as "lively", displaying "unusually clean, clear technique", and abstract with "few concrete images". She was considered to be a modernist with a delicate touch who was capable of showing "surging movement" in her work.

Author and illustrator

In 1928, Ludins prepared the cover design and made 120 pen and ink illustrations for three school readers in a set called ''Adventures in Reading'' by E. Ehrlich Smith and others (Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Doran and Co.). In 1931 Ludins wrote and illustrated a children's book entitled ''Wonder Rock'' (New York, Coward & McCann). An early review described it as "an old American Indian legend told and pictured in a beautiful and fascinating small book". It tells a story of two lost children who receive help from animals, including a mouse, a raccoon, a grizzly bear, a mountain lion, and especially an ordinary earthworm in their struggle to find their way back home. Ludins wrote an article for the February 1937 issue of the radical magazine, ''Art Front''. Reviewing an exhibition of paintings and graphic art made by children who participated in a Works Progress Agency art teaching project, she said the works on display should be taken seriously but, more importantly, the project demonstrated the importance of giving children "an opportunity to use their natural creative power to express their world of emotion". Art instruction in the schools should be seen as "a logical step in the creation and development of a living growing American culture of creators as well as appreciators". At the time she wrote, Ludins was a member of the ''Art Front'' editorial board along with Jacob Kainen,

Mitchell Siporin Mitchell Siporin (1910–1976) was a Social Realist American painter. Biography Mitchell Siporin was born on May 5, 1910, in New York City to Hyman, a truck driver, and Jennie Siporin, both immigrants from Poland, and grew up in Chicago.Abram L ...

, Charmion Von Wiegand, and others.

Personal life and family

Ludins was born on March 28, 1896, in

Mariupol Mariupol is a city in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. It is situated on the northern coast (Pryazovia) of the Sea of Azov, at the mouth of the Kalmius, Kalmius River. Prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, it was the tenth-largest city in the coun ...

, a city in south-eastern

Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...

. Her father was David George Ludschinski and her mother was Olga Richman Ludschinski. Her birth name was Ryah Ludschinski. She had three younger siblings. Ludins' father, David George Ludschinski, changed the family name to Ludins after bringing his family to the United States in 1904. He was a builder and real estate speculator. He partnered with his brother, Leo Ludins, and a man named Louis Romm, to form the Ludins & Romm Realty Company in 1905. David and Leo also did business as Ludins Brothers. Both firms worked mainly in northern Manhattan and the Bronx. In the 1920s, the two brothers built apartment houses in the Bronx, one of them a structure of six stories with 185 rooms and 8 storefronts. David Ludins was characterized as a "Russian Jewish intellectual" when the socialist Zionist,

Nachman Syrkin Nachman Syrkin (also spelled ''Nahman Syrkin'' or ''Nahum Syrkin''; ; 11 February 1868 – 6 September 1924) was a political theorist, founder of Labor Zionism and a prolific writer in the Hebrew, Yiddish, Russian, German and English languages. ...

, first encountered him and his family in 1913. Judging by their participation in leftist organizations during the 1930s, Ludins and her two siblings all advocated radical causes. Tima made headlines when she denounced an investigation by the

United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security The United States Senate's Special Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, 1951–77, known more commonly as the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (SISS) and sometimes the M ...

chaired by

William E. Jenner William Ezra Jenner (July 21, 1908 – March 9, 1985) was an American lawyer and politician from the state of Indiana. A Republican, Jenner was an Indiana state senator from 1934 to 1942, and a U.S. senator from 1944 to 1945 and again from 1 ...

in 1953. She was a teacher in New York City public schools. Eugene was an artist. In 1934, Ludins married a Mexican named Juan de Fuentes, but the marriage lasted only a few months. One source reports that she told her niece, "she liked men, she just didn’t want to find one in her bed in the morning". Following a long illness, Ludins died at her home in the Chelsea Hotel on August 30, 1957.

Other names used

During her life, Ludins was referred to as Ryah Ludschinski, Ryah Ludins, Ryah R. Ludins, and Ryah L. de Fuentes, Her surname was sometimes misspelled Ludens.

References

{{Reflist , colwidth=30em , refs= {{cite journal , title=Thirty-first Annual Catalogue, 1922-1923 , author=North Carolina College for Women , journal=Bulletin of the North Carolina College for Women , date=June 1923 , volume=12 , issue=3 , page=27 , jstor= , url=https://archive.org/details/bulletinofnorthc19221923 , format=PDF , quote= {{cite journal , title=Prints of the Year , author=Gertrude A. Rothschild , journal=Parnassus , date=April 1930 , volume=2 , issue=4 , pages=39–42 , jstor=797791 , publisher=College Art Association , doi=10.2307/797791 , s2cid=187094927 , format= , quote= {{cite journal , title=News , journal=Ohio University Alumnus , date=October 1932 , volume=10 , issue=1 , page=4 , jstor= , publisher=Ohio University , format= , quote= {{cite journal , title=A Child's Point of View , author=Ryah Ludins , journal=Art Front , volume=3 , issue=1 , date=February 1937 , pages=16–17 , url=https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/parties/cpusa/art-front/v3n01-feb-1937-Art-Front.pdf , publisher=Artists' Committee of Action, Artists' Union , accessdate=2021-07-21 {{cite journal , title=Like Medievals , journal=Art Digest , volume=11 , issue=20 , date=1937-09-01 , page=31 , url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arts-magazine_1937-09-01_11_20/page/30/mode/2up , format= , publisher=Publisher Arts Communications Group, L.P. , accessdate=2021-07-21 {{cite journal , title=Unionism in Art , journal=Art Digest , volume=12 , issue=10 , date=1938-02-15 , page=7 , url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arts-magazine_1938-02-15_12_10/page/6/mode/2up , format= , publisher=Publisher Arts Communications Group, L.P. , accessdate=2021-07-21 {{cite journal , title=Government Winners , journal=Art Digest , volume=16 , issue=2 , date=1941-10-15 , page=20 , url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arts-magazine_1941-10-15_16_2/page/20/mode/2up , format= , publisher=Publisher Arts Communications Group, L.P. , accessdate=2021-07-21 {{cite journal , title=U.S. Etchers' Annual Veers a Little to the Left , author=Irvin Haas , journal=Art News , date=October 1945 , volume=44 , issue=13 , page=19 , url=https://archive.org/details/sim_artnews_october-15-31-1945_44_13/page/18/mode/2up , publisher=Brant Publications, Inc. , format= , quote= {{cite journal , title=Etching Annual , journal=Art Digest , volume=20 , issue=3 , date=1945-11-01 , page=15 , url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arts-magazine_1945-11-01_20_3 , format= , publisher=Publisher Arts Communications Group, L.P. , accessdate=2021-07-21 {{cite journal , title=The New Deal Art Projects in New York , author=Francis V. O'Connor , journal=American Art Journal , date=Autumn 1969 , volume=1 , issue=2 , pages=58–79 , jstor=1593876 , publisher=Kennedy Galleries, Inc. , doi=10.2307/1593876 , format= , quote= {{cite journal , title=The American Artists Congress and The Invasion of Finland , author=Gerald M. Monroe , journal=Archives of American Art Journal , date=1975 , volume=15 , issue=1 , page=16 , jstor=1557148 , publisher=Kennedy Galleries, Inc. , format= , quote= {{cite book, title=Columbia University Catalogue, 1920-1921 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Y5GAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA332 , year=1920 , publisher=Columbia University (New York, N.Y.) , page=332 {{cite book, title=Columbia University Catalogue, 1936-1937, url=https://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/columbia-university/catalogue-volume-19361937-ulo/page-12-catalogue-volume-19361937-ulo.shtml , year=1936 , publisher=Columbia University (New York, N.Y.) , page=12 {{cite book, title=Columbia University Catalogue, 1938-1939, url=https://archive.org/details/catalogue1938colu/page/n113/mode/2up?q=%22ryah+ludins%22 , year=1938 , publisher=Columbia University (New York, N.Y.) , page=107 {{cite book , author=Marie Syrkin , title=Nachman Syrkin, Socialist Zionist; a Biographical Memoir , page=151 , url=https://archive.org/details/nachmansyrkinsoc0000unse , year=1961 , publisher=Herzl Press, New York {{cite book , author1=Henry A. Millon , author2=Linda Nochlin , title=Art and Architecture in the Service of Politics , page=345 , url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitecturei00mill/page/344/mode/2up , year=1978 , publisher=MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. , isbn=9780262131377 {{cite book , title=The Federal Art Project : American prints from the 1930s in the collection of the University of Michigan Museum of Art , page=110 , url=https://archive.org/details/federalartprojec0000univ , year=1985 , publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor, Mich. , isbn=9780912303307 {{cite book , author=Eliot Bartlett , title=Anchor to Windward , page=39 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRdPAAAAYAAJ , year=1989 , publisher=Harlackenden Press {{cite book , author=James Oles , title=The Mexican Murals of Marion and Grace Greenwood , format=PDF , url=https://www.academia.edu/14465913, year=1989 , publisher=San Francisco State University {{cite book , author=Laura Felleman Fattal , title=Out of Context: American Artists Abroad , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FfyNjE373UC&pg=PA131, year=2004 , publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group , isbn=978-0-313-31649-4, page=131 {{cite book , last=MacLeod , first=Dag , title=Downsizing the State: Privatization and the Limits of Neoliberal Reform in Mexico , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vbd4QbQGBT4C&pg=PA37 , date=2005 , publisher=

Pennsylvania State University Press The Penn State University Press, also known as The Pennsylvania State University Press, is a non-profit publisher of scholarly books and journals. Established in 1956, it is the independent publishing branch of the Pennsylvania State University ...

, isbn=0-271-04669-4 , pages=37–38 {{cite thesis , type=M.A. , author=Kim Klausner , title=Tima Ludins: a Life on the Left , page= , year=2003 , publisher=Harlackenden Press, oclc=53318877 {{cite thesis , type=Ph.D. , author=Christina Moisant Weyl , title=Women Printmakers and the New York Atelier 17, 1940-1955 , page= , url=https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/47610/PDF/1/play , year=2015 , publisher=Rutgers University {{cite web , url=https://livingnewdeal.org/projects/post-office-mural-nazareth-pa/ , title=Post Office Mural, Nazareth PA, Living New Deal (comment) , format= , publisher=Living New Deal , date=2019-05-23 , author=Robert Rightmire , accessdate=2021-07-19 {{cite web , url=https://livingnewdeal.org/artists/ryah-ludins/ , title=Artist: Ryah Ludins , format= , publisher=Living New Deal , date= , accessdate=2021-07-19 {{cite web , title=Oral History Interview with Anton Refregier , date=1964-11-05 , url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/download_pdf_transcript/ajax?record_id=edanmdm-AAADCD_oh_213745 , format=PDF , publisher=Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution , accessdate=2021-07-26 {{cite web , url=https://www.owingsgallery.com/artists/eugene-ludins/biography , title=Eugene Ludins , publisher=Owings Gallery, date= , accessdate=2021-07-27 {{cite web , url=https://www.askart.com/auction_records/Ryah_De_Fuentes_Ludins/109582/Ryah_De_Fuentes_Ludins.aspx?shp=ryah , title=Ryah Ludins , format= , publisher=Askart , accessdate=2021-07-28 {{cite web , url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VPDW-6GF , title= Tima Ludins Tomash, 13 Jul 1992 , format= , publisher="California Death Index, 1940-1997," database; Department of Public Health Services, Sacramento , accessdate=2021-07-28 {{cite web , url=https://sova.si.edu/details/AAA.ludiryah?s=0&n=10&t=C&q=Art+teachers&i=6 , title=Ryah Ludins portfolio , format= , publisher=Smithsonian Online Virtual Archives , accessdate=2021-08-04 {{cite book , title=Adventures in Reading , author=E. Ehrlich Smith , oclc=2777561 {{cite web , url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:X39X-1QD , title=David G Ludins, Bronx Assembly District 35, New York, New York, United States , format= , publisher="United States Census, 1910," database with images, FamilySearch; citing enumeration district (ED) ED 1593, sheet 10B, family 174, NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1982), roll 1002; FHL microfilm 1,375,015 , accessdate=2021-08-04 {{cite news , title=Stock Quote 2 , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1905-09-29 , page=10 , quote= {{cite news , title=In the Real Estate Field , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1906-06-23 , page=14 , quote= {{cite news , title=The Building Department: List of Plans Filed for New Structures in Manhattan and Bronx , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1906-10-24 , page=14 , quote= {{cite news , title=Clearing House for Art Products Started: The Newly Formed Art Alliance of America Opens Headquarters in New York , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1918-11-08 , page=SM8 , quote= {{cite news , title=In the World of Art , author=A. L. McCord , publisher=Standard Union , location=Brooklyn, New York , date=1922-05-07 , page=31 , quote= {{cite news , title=Lease With Option to Buy Made on West 72d St. Site , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1926-03-24 , page=38 , quote= {{cite news , title=Further Comment on the Week'S Art Exhibitions: A Round Of Galleries: Two Opposed Ways of Teaching Art—Various Artists Exhibit Work , author=Lloyd Goodrich , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1929-05-12 , page=X11 , quote= {{cite news , title=Art Comment , author=George Seibel , publisher=Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph , location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , date=1930-01-12 , page=44 , quote= {{cite news , title=John Sloan One-Man Jury in Fifty Prints of Year , publisher=Brooklyn Daily Eagle , location=Brooklyn, New York , date=1930-03-02 , page=31 , quote= {{cite news , title=Chosen by John Sloan: Stimulating Work in Show Sponsored by American Institute of Graphic Arts , author=Elisabeth Cary , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1930-03-02 , page=146 , quote= {{cite news , title=In Gallery and Studio , author=C.H. Bonte , publisher=Philadelphia Inquirer , location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , date=1931-03-22 , page=19 , quote= {{cite news , title=In the World of Art , publisher=Indianapolis Star , location=Indianapolis, Indiana , date=1931-05-17 , page=55 , quote= {{cite news , title=Around the World in Books , author=Christine Noble Govan , publisher=Chattanooga News , location=Chattanooga, Tennessee , date=1931-11-21 , page=13 , quote= {{cite news , title=Books of the Hour , author=John T. Orr , publisher=Miami News , location=Miami, Florida , date=1933-12-10 , page=28 , quote= {{cite news , title=Speaking of Women , author=Diana Klotts , publisher=Jewish Herald-Voice , location=Houston, Texas , date=1938-03-24 , page=4 , quote= {{cite news , title=Questions from readers answered by Naldah Ross , publisher=Tribune , location=Scranton, Pennsylvania , date=1938-04-12 , page=8 , quote= {{cite news , title=Modern Women yndicated article, author=Charl Ormond Williams , publisher=Weatherford News , location=Weatherford, Oklahoma , date=1938-06-02 , page=3 , quote= {{cite news , title=New York Artist to Give Lessons at Valley Home , publisher=Evening Star , location=Peekskill, New York , date=1938-07-03 , page=3 , quote= {{cite news , title=Graphic Arts Puts 50 Prints on View: Exhibition of American Work Displayed at Gallery of Architectural League , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1938-04-23 , page=19 , quote= {{cite news , title=News and Notes of Art , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1940-10-26 , page=13 , quote= {{cite news , title=Mural by New York Artist in Cortland Post Office , publisher=Cortland Democrat , location=Cortland, New York , date=1943-04-02 , page=5 , quote= {{cite news , title=Mural Tells Story of Steel , publisher=Evening Star , location=Washington, D.C. , date=1953-01-20 , page=A29 , quote= {{cite news , title=Ex-N.Y. Teacher Refuses to Say if She's a Red , author=Ruth Montgomery , work=Daily News , location=New York, New York , date=1953-03-04 , page=77 , quote= {{cite news , title=Famous Artist to Teach in County; Work in Leading Galleries; Ryah Ludins, Distinguished Muralist and Teacher of Art, Opens Putnam Valley Studio , publisher=Putnam Valley Courier , location=Carmel, New York , date=1954-06-17 , page=11 , quote= {{cite news , title=Miss Ryah Ludins, Painter, Teacher: Muralist for Many Public Buildings Dead--Works Exhibited in Museums , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1957-08-31 , page=15 , quote= {{Authority control {{DEFAULTSORT:Ludins, Ryah 1896 births 1957 deaths 20th-century American women painters 20th-century American painters American women printmakers American art educators Art Students League of New York alumni American modern artists American women muralists Ukrainian muralists Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States